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A methyl ester of a carboxylic acid has the group . The methyl group belongs to the alcohol-derived part of the ester.
Hydrolysis can regenerate a carboxylic acid and methanol. Changing a free acid into a methyl ester also changes charge and hydrogen-bonding behaviour, which can alter solubility and analytical handling.
Methyl acetate is the ester , derived from acetic acid and methanol. It contains a carbonyl carbon bonded to an alkoxy oxygen.
Hydrolysis can cleave it into acid and alcohol components under appropriate conditions. Its carbonyl reactivity differs from that of a ketone because substitution can replace the alkoxy group after nucleophilic attack.
A conjugated ester has an ester carbonyl group participating in a conjugated electronic system, commonly an adjacent carbon-carbon double bond. An α,β-unsaturated ester is an important example.
Conjugation connects reactivity at the carbonyl carbon with reactivity at the more distant β carbon. Distinguishing direct carbonyl addition from conjugate addition is consequently essential when predicting products.
Addition polymerization consumes the double bond to form polyvinyl acetate. The ester side groups remain attached to the resulting carbon backbone, so polymerization changes connectivity without removing all of the monomer's functional groups.
Vinyl pentanoate is the ester . Its pentanoyl portion and its vinyl portion provide chemically distinct sites for reaction.
During acyl transfer, release of vinyl alcohol can be followed by conversion to acetaldehyde. Coupling these transformations can favour transfer of the acyl group, illustrating how a product's subsequent reaction changes an overall equilibrium.
Ethyl pentanoate is the ester . Its pentanoyl portion contains five carbons, including the carbonyl carbon, while its alcohol-derived ethyl group contributes two more.
Hydrolysis can yield pentanoic acid and ethanol, or a pentanoate salt under basic conditions. Tracking the two parts of the ester prevents confusion between carbon-chain identity and total molecular carbon count.
[ref]
Organic Chemistry by John McMurry. Chapter21, Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: ester identity and hydrolysis
, an alpha-methyl-substituted acrylate. Conjugate addition installs a chain whose carbon next to the ester retains the methyl substituent.
A 1,2-anhydro sugar derivative obtained by epoxidizing a glycal. Its anomeric carbon can undergo direct nucleophilic opening or ionization assisted by the ring oxygen.
An unsymmetrical epoxide with two methyl substituents at one ring carbon. Acidic opening can favour nucleophile attachment to that more substituted carbon.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
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- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
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