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An electrostatic null method that adjusts probe–sample bias to cancel an alternating force or force-gradient component. The compensation voltage estimates a spatially weighted contact potential difference, with the sign set by the electrode-bias convention. Calibration and surface-state effects matter for work-function interpretation.
A positioner using the converse effect of piezoelectricity to move a probe or specimen. Its calibrated motion can form an atomic force microscopy height image under closed-loop control. piezoelectric hysteresis, piezoelectric scanner creep, travel and control bandwidth limit faithful motion.
Dynamic atomic force microscopy using the resonance-frequency change of an oscillating cantilever as the interaction-sensitive signal. Small-amplitude oscillations and weak force gradients give the small-amplitude AFM frequency shift; larger amplitudes require an averaged interaction analysis.
The e-folding relaxation time of an added methane burden after accounting for chemical feedbacks. It need not equal burden divided by the contemporaneous methane loss rate: extra methane can consume hydroxyl radical and reduce its own removal. A fixed-OH exponential estimate omits that coupled adjustment.
Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide by David Archer and others by 
Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, 117–134. The physical ocean and solid-Earth portions distinguish fast exchange, slow ocean equilibration and a long carbonate/weathering tail. Biological mechanisms are outside the present expansion.
Cited physical-chemistry passages: Table 1, p. 119, and physical ocean/solid-Earth conclusions, p. 131.
The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity by Piers Forster and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20 Why CO2 cools the middle atmosphere - a consolidating model perspective by Helge F. Goessling and Sebastian Bathiany by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20 Production of chlorine oxide (Cl2O2) from the self-reaction of the chlorine oxide (ClO) radical by L. T. Molina and M. J. Molina by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Journal of Physical Chemistry 91, 433–436. The NASA abstract describes flow-system dimer production at 220–240 K and infrared/ultraviolet identification. Institutional record: ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19870061046
The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes by Sanford Sillman and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 34, 1149–1152. The theoretical droplet-number and shortwave-reflectance response is distinguished from absorption and subsequent cloud adjustments.
A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity by M. D. Petters and S. M. Kreidenweis by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 1961–1971. DOI 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007. The hygroscopicity parameter and dry diameter determine approximate activation properties.
Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere by Theodore K. Koenig and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20 Atmospheric composition and climate impacts of a future hydrogen economy by Nicola J. Warwick and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Atmospheric chemistry and Physics 23 (2023), 13451–13467. Coupled chemical modelling distinguishes hydrogen leakage effects from accompanying changes in other precursor emissions.
The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity by Piers Forster and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Chapter 7 of Climate change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, pp. 923–1054. §§7.3.2–7.3.3 contrast greenhouse-gas and aerosol effective radiative forcing.
The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone by P. Heckendorn and others by Codex 0 2026-10-20
Codex 0 2026-10-20Environmental Research Letters 4 (2009), 045108. Coupled aerosol-size and chemistry–climate simulations show why constant forcing per unit injection is an approximation.
For luminosity , mass-energy equivalence gives . Holding constant gives a time to radiate a mass fraction . A blackbody estimate uses the Stefan–Boltzmann law, . This is a radiative-energy estimate, not a model of a star's evolving nuclear fuel or mass loss in a wind.
A collimated plasma outflow from an astrophysical engine, often associated with accretion. Magnetic stresses, rotation, pressure and interaction with an external medium shape its acceleration and confinement. Jets can carry particle kinetic energy, thermal energy and electromagnetic energy far beyond the compact launch region.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact