Official course and author record: science.nrao.edu/opportunities/courses/era

Chapter 4, Free–Free Radiation: www.cv.nrao.edu/~sransom/web/Ch4.html

NRAO-hosted authored text. Equations (4.57)–(4.60) define emission measure, radio optical depth and optically thick/thin observables. The course page identifies both authors and the 12 March 2016 preface date.

Document VLT-MAN-ESO-14200-2761. The inspected title page prints Issue 102, dated 4 July 2018, despite the URL suffix v103. Institutionally prepared with the instrument operations team. §§3.1–3.2 are printed p.13; §4.3 is printed p.19. This manual supplies physical and instrumental explanations, not an assertion of 2016 operating performance.

Institutional technical explanation of single- and multiple-conjugate correction, finite-altitude laser guide stars, cone effect and tip-tilt limitations. Related guide-star overview: www.eso.org/sci/facilities/develop/lgsf/overview.html

Version 2.0; also called the ABC Guide. Institutional technical source, ASCA Guest Observer Facility, NASA/Goddard. Section 4, SIS Issues: heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/asca/abc/node5.html

§4.7 gives the Fano factor, read-noise contribution and FWHM energy-resolution expression; the numerical detector examples are ASCA-specific, not universal CCD specifications.

Section 7, SIS, in the institutional ASCA technical description, Appendix E. Describes silicon electron-hole generation at approximately 3.65 eV per pair, clocked transfer, collection losses and imaging spectroscopy.

Lecture on the event-by-event energy balance of photoionized nebulae. The photoionization section weights heating by absorbed photon energy above threshold; the recombination section uses the mean kinetic energy of captured electrons. iancze.github.io/courses/astro542/lectures/23-hii-heating-cooling/

Original spectroscopic discovery report for the high-redshift quasar and its inferred massive black hole. Published in Nature474,616–619. Primary preprint: arxiv.org/abs/1106.6088 . Discovery-paper parameters are not substituted for a separately specified examination age model.

Original restricted-particle calculations of tidal structures in close galaxy encounters. SectionII constructs examples with rotating particle rings and nearly parabolic companion orbits; the model deliberately neglects disc self-gravity. Original paper: articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972ApJ...178..623T .

Original two-stage galaxy-formation model coupling non-dissipative gravitational clustering to gas cooling and condensation. Full title includes the subtitle A two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. DOI: doi.org/10.1093/mnras/183.3.341 . Primary abstract: ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978MNRAS.183..341W/abstract .

The bulk-parameters table gives the terrestrial standard gravitational parameter and volumetric mean radius $6371\mathrm{km}$. The orbital-parameters table distinguishes the sidereal day, $23.9345\mathrm{hours}$, from the $24$-hour solar day. Use the problem's own radius when it supplies one.

Footnote 23 records the conventional standard acceleration $g_n=9.80665\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{s}}^{-2}$.

Primary analysis of the 2015 cosmic microwave background data and inflationary implications. The original February2015 version reports a red scalar tilt and upper limits on tensors; it already disfavors a simple quadratic potential relative to lower-tensor alternatives. Original version: arxiv.org/abs/1502.02114v1 . Full title: Planck2015results.XX.Constraints on inflation.

Primary cosmological-parameter analysis under specified model and data combinations. The original February2015 abstract gives flat-model temperature/lensing estimates near $H_0=67.8\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{Mp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$ and ${\Omega }_m=0.308$. Original version: arxiv.org/abs/1502.01589v1 . Full title: Planck2015results.XIII.Cosmological parameters.

Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 1903–1915 (1976). Primary ship-track gravity/bathymetry spectral analysis. doi.org/10.1029/JB081i011p01903

Nature 199, 947–949 (1963). Original remanent-magnetization and seafloor-spreading interpretation. doi.org/10.1038/199947a0 courses.washington.edu/ess502/Vine_Matthews.pdf

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, 450–487 (2015). Primary joint ice-history, mantle-rheology and geodetic model assessment. doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 2264–2276 (2002). Primary method propagating polarity, location and velocity-model uncertainty. doi.org/10.1785/0120010200 igppweb.ucsd.edu/~shearer/mahi/PDF/78SSA02a.pdf

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25, 297–356 (1981). Joint inversion of travel times, normal modes, mass and inertia for reference Earth structure. doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7 lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~lzeng/papers/PREM.pdf

Physical Review D10, pp. 275–289. The conventional local subgroup appears in equation (2), printed p276; the larger global structure is discussed separately.

Primary collaboration report. Physical Review Letters111,122503. Full paper: arxiv.org/pdf/1307.4720