Physical Review Letters 17, 1133 (1966), DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133. The abstract states the absence of ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order at nonzero temperature in finite-range one- or two-dimensional isotropic spin- Heisenberg models. This is a primary source for the low-dimensional limitation of mean-field magnetic ordering.
By Sara Seager and Gabriela Mallén-Ornelas. Section3.1,equations1–4 specify depth, contact durations and the circular-orbit scale. The2002 manuscript was published in The Astrophysical Journal585,1038–1055(2003).
By Charles F. Gammie. The2001 local razor-thin cooling model distinguishes self-regulated gravitational turbulence from fragmentation. Its numerical cooling threshold is model-specific; it is not a universal planet-formation constant.
The review led by Clément Baruteau discusses Lindblad and corotation torques, horseshoe drag, saturation and gap formation. Section2.1 covers low-mass planets; section2.2 discusses gap opening and more massive planets.
By Sara Seager and Dimitar Sasselov. The2000 study calculates transmission absorption through an atmospheric annulus and discusses how weak contrast and clouds affect sensitivity. The Astrophysical Journal537,916–921.
The adopted nominal solar radius is and nominal solar mass parameter is . These are conversion conventions; they do not provide a measured radius or mass for another host star.
Primary paper, in the English translation collected in Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement: sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Brownian_English.pdf
Sections 3–5 connect equilibrium drift and diffusion, the spherical-particle drag coefficient, and mean-squared displacement. The linked scan includes the 1926 translation reprinted in the 1956 Dover edition; the research paper itself is dated 1905.
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 28, 693–703. doi.org/10.1515/znc-1973-11-1209
The physical curvature-elastic energy is given in section II.C, especially equation (12), page 695.
The accessible primary abstract describes field-cycled nuclear relaxation in aluminium, its disagreement with a simple two-fluid description, and its explanation by BCS correlations.
Rubidium 87 D Line Data by Daniel A. Steck by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Equations (26)–(29) give the Breit-Rabi energies and clock-transition shift; the magnetic-data table gives the quadratic shift coefficient. This reference refines atomic constants; it was not supplied with the historical exam.
Physical Review Letters 34, 307. Primary experimental paper.
The abstract reports a frequency-doubled pulsed dye laser near 243 nm and a simultaneous Balmer reference measurement.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 104, 270–277 (1992). Sections 3–4 describe the instrument and Doppler analysis.
Optics Letters 1(1), 16–18. Primary theoretical analysis.
The abstract identifies amplified phase-conjugated propagation and parametric oscillation. The present coupled-equation solution is derived independently with the sign convention of the exam's differential equations.
Physical Review 126, 1977–1979.
The abstract separates dispersive lattice response from higher-resonance electronic response and describes additional nonlinear-polarization symmetry constraints.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact