There is no clear distinction between "serious simulations" and "physics engines", it's just that "physics engine" have a "for video game" connotation.

And especially, in the context of gaming, it usually means "rigid body dynamics simulation" in particular.

As a phisicist once amazingly put it in a talk Ciro watched:

Bibliography:

The definition is not very precise, as in many games with random elements there is a mixture of both skill and luck.

So we just use the precise Non-deterministic game term instead for any game that has any random element beyond the control of the players.

Sample software implementations:

A good definition is that the sparse matrix has non-zero entries proportional the number of rows. Therefore this is Big O notation less than something that has $N^2$ non zero entries. Of course, this only makes sense when generalizing to larger and larger matrices, otherwise we could take the constant of proportionality very high for one specific matrix.

Of course, this only makes sense when generalizing to larger and larger matrices, otherwise we could take the constant of proportionality very high for one specific matrix.

math.stackexchange.com/questions/41706/practical-uses-of-matrix-multiplication/4647422#4647422 highlights deep learning applications.

Ciro thinks this is idiotic, and that Wizards should sell all cards individually with unlimited supply and all with the same prices, especially online where there are no printing costs. But because Wizards made the silly promise never to reprint certain cards with the reserved list in 1994, they can't even correct this mistake legally! (TODO maybe, see further discussion at: www.mtggoldfish.com/articles/contract-from-below-promissory-estoppel-and-the-reserved-list). There is however one simple solution: create and promote a new no reserve list format, and let reserve list formats rot away:One interesting outcome of this would be to have card cost limited formats. Penny Dreadful puts a super low limit, on individual cards, but it would be cool to have a max cost per deck version of it.

A cool thing is when they printed Garth One-Eye, which allows you to make imaginary copies of some of those restricted list cards during play. This is the type of "flirting with the rules", that Ciro Santilli admires. The introduction of online-only cards such as XXX has pushed that even further as of 2021.

This was especially insane when Ciro was young and the Internet was not very widely available in Brazil yet, and Ciro did not know how to check the values of cards on online markets, and would trade cards with older much more knowledgable teenagers, based solely on his appraisal of a card's strength! Can you imagine how many young Timmys got ripped off in this manner, trading useless one million mana spells for ultra expensive black lotuses?

Another option we could pursue would be to make governments consider TCG pack opening a form of gambling, which it obviously is:

There is however one good solution to Magic's insane cost: watch people who have nothing better to do in their lives play on YouTube.

And as Internet formats dominate more and more, if they have any brains at will they will migrate to a subscription model where you pay to play for a given period of time, and have immediate access to all cards. It could even be a tiered access, with older formats being more expensive (more bugs to fix on different cards), but you must get access to all cards of a format at once.

This section is about companies that primarily specialize in machine learning.

The term "machine learning company" is perhaps not great as it could be argued that any of the Big tech are leaders and sometimes, especially in the case of Google, has a main product that is arguably a form of machine learning.

Most of the companies in this section likely going to be from the AI boom era.