The key experiment/phenomena that sets the basis for photonic quantum computing is the two photon interference experiment.
The physical representation of the information encoding is very easy to understand:
  • input: we choose to put or not photons into certain wires or no
  • interaction: two wires pass very nearby at some point, and photons travelling on either of them can jump to the other one and interact with the other photons
  • output: the probabilities that photos photons will go out through one wire or another
Video 1.
Jeremy O'Brien: "Quantum Technologies" by GoogleTechTalks (2014)
Source. This is a good introduction to a photonic quantum computer. Highly recommended.
Quark by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
TODO experimental discovery.
Gluon by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
One big difference is that it carrier itself color charge.
Color confinement by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Can be thought as being produced from gluon-gluon lines of the Feynman diagrams of quantum chromodynamics. This is in contrast to quantum electrodynamics, in which there are no photon-photon vertices, because the photon does not have charge unlike gluons.
This phenomena makes the strong force be very very different from electromagnetism.
pip (package manager) by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-09-09
How many stupid bugs. How many stupid bugs do we need to face???
Ring signature by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Used for example:
Based on the fact that we don't have a P algorithm for the discrete logarithm of the cyclic group as of 2020, but we do have an efficient algorithm for modular exponentiation. But nor do we have proof that one does not exist! Living on the edge as usual for public-key cryptography.

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