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An amide bond, in the carboxamide sense used here, is the carbon–nitrogen covalent bond in the unit $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{C}(=\mathrm{O})-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime }{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime \prime }$. The nitrogen is directly attached to the carbonyl group's carbon. Merely finding a carbon–nitrogen bond elsewhere in a molecule does not identify an amide bond. The broader IUPAC class name amide also covers other acid-derived compounds; this article concerns the carbonyl linkage.^[ref]

For example, acetamide has connectivity $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3-\mathrm{C}(=\mathrm{O})-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_2$. Its amide C–N bond is the bond from the carbonyl carbon to nitrogen, rather than the adjacent C–C bond. A peptide bond is a biologically important instance of this connectivity in a chain of amino acids.

Chemical resonance describes electron sharing through the nitrogen and carbonyl group. Two useful contributing structures areThese are descriptions contributing to one electronic structure, rather than two molecules rapidly alternating. The amide bond consequently has partial double bond character, and the ordinary amide group favors approximate planarity. Linus Pauling's lecture connects that structural picture to measured bond lengths and explains why hypothetical resonance forms remain useful.^[ref]

This supplies a useful modeling constraint: a chain containing peptide bonds cannot be treated as if every backbone single bond rotates equally freely. Approximate amide planarity constrains the conformations available without asserting that every amide is perfectly planar.

A carboxamide is an amide of a carboxylic acid, with a carbonyl group directly bonded to nitrogen. Its general connectivity is $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{C}(=\mathrm{O})-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime }{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime \prime }$, where the substituents shown can include hydrogen. The term identifies a class of compounds or a structural unit; amide bond identifies the carbonyl C–N bond within it.^[ref]

For example, acetamide, $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{C}(=\mathrm{O})\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_2$, contains one carboxamide group. Replacing an N–H covalent bond by an N–C covalent bond can leave the defining carbonyl C–N connectivity intact. Conversely, replacing the carbonyl oxygen by another group changes the functional class even though a C–N bond remains. Connectivity, rather than merely an inventory of elements, supplies the classification.

A formal atom balance illustrates carboxamide hydrolysis:Both sides contain two carbons, seven hydrogens, one nitrogen and two oxygens. The equation balances neutral molecular formulas; the actual reaction products can be protonated or deprotonated according to pH. It does not assert that mixing neutral reactants gives rapid conversion. Ordinary amide hydrolysis needs suitable conditions or enzyme catalysis, consistent with the persistence of peptide bonds in water.^[ref]

A glucosylceramide is a glycosphingolipid with a single glucose residue as its carbohydrate headgroup, linked to a ceramide. The name identifies a structural class: the long-chain base and fatty acid portions can vary. Consequently, “glucosylceramide” does not generally specify one molecular formula or one exact molar mass.^[ref]

The D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine subclass illustrates the connectivity. Its glucose group substitutes the1-hydroxyl of sphingosine, while an acyl group substitutes the2-amino group to form the ceramide portion. The glycosidic bond attaches the sugar; the amide bond attaches the fatty-acyl component. These are chemically different connections.^[ref]

For a counting example,2micromoles of glucosylceramide molecules contain2micromoles of glucose-derived residues and therefore12micromoles of carbon atoms in those residues. This does not count the carbon in the variable ceramide portions or determine the sample mass.

The accepted ceramide glucosyltransferase reaction uses UDP-glucose as the glucose donor and releases UDP while forming the glucosylated lipid. Thus biosynthesis uses an activated donor; the structural description “ceramide plus glucose” is not an assertion that free glucose spontaneously condenses onto the lipid in a cell.^[ref]