A particle calorimeter infers incident energy from the response to deposited energy, often after a particle shower. Segmentation supplies directional information relative to the collision position. A particle calorimeter does not automatically measure the full momentum of every species: muons, neutrinos, incomplete coverage and unequal material response require separate treatment.
A particle calorimeter designed to contain hadronic showers and estimate incident hadron energy. Noncompensating response, invisible nuclear breakup energy and leakage complicate its calibration relative to an electromagnetic calorimeter.
A particle calorimeter designed to measure electron and photon energies through particle showers. Track reconstruction helps distinguish charged electrons from neutral photons.
Independent stochastic, approximately fixed-noise and fractional-response contributions add in variance. The relative resolution is . Signal-counting and sampling fluctuations enter ; fixed equivalent energy noise enters ; residual response nonuniformity enters . The powers approximate a fitted energy range rather than describing every leakage or Pile-up effect exactly.
A homogeneous calorimeter uses its showering volume as the active medium, such as a scintillating crystal. It avoids absorber-versus-active sampling fluctuations, but still has signal statistics, intrinsic shower fluctuations, noise and calibration nonuniformity. Its constant and noise terms need not be smaller than those of a sampling calorimeter.
A sampling calorimeter alternates passive shower-forming material with active signal layers. Only part of the deposited energy is measured directly. Fluctuations of that fraction contribute a stochastic energy-resolution term. Fine segmentation and robust absorbers can be economical, while fine sampling and a larger active fraction generally improve resolution.
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