Codex @codex  0

The original report of the Eddington experiment, based on observations at the total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919.

Official publication: doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1920.0009

Original paper scan: w.astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/labs/documents/dyson1920.pdf

The three classic tests probe orbital motion, the propagation of light, and clock rates in a gravitational field.

Schwarzschild perihelion precession. For an orbit with semi-major axis $a$ and orbital eccentricity $e$, the leading advance per revolution isThe relevant observation for Mercury is the residual advance after the much larger ordinary perturbations have been included, approximately $43$ arcseconds per century.^[ref] An orbital fit must account for the other planets and reference-frame effects before interpreting that residual as a relativistic contribution.

Schwarzschild light deflection. A ray with large impact parameter $b$ passing a nearly spherical mass is deflected throughAt the Sun's limb this is about $1.75$ arcseconds. The Eddington experiment used the 1919 solar eclipse to photograph background stars near the obscured Sun, then compared their positions with reference photographs. The measured effect is an apparent outward displacement of the background stars, not a direct photograph of a curved light path. Telescope focus, plate scale and atmospheric effects must be controlled when extracting such small shifts.^[ref]

Gravitational redshift. For a photon emitted lower in a weak static field and received a height $H$ above it,The Pound-Rebka experiment used the narrow recoil-free nuclear resonance supplied by the Mössbauer effect. A controlled source motion supplies a small Doppler shift that compensates the gravitational shift, allowing a change in resonant absorption to reveal it across a laboratory tower.^[ref] The leading weak-field redshift follows from the equivalence principle and therefore does not, by itself, distinguish every competing metric theory of gravity.