Gene silencing is reduction or suppression of a gene's functional expression. It can occur at transcription through chromatin regulation or after transcription through RNA destruction or inhibition of biological translation. The common outcome does not imply that every silencing mechanism removes the DNA sequence. [ref]
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition by Bruce Alberts and others. Chapter 7, Control of Gene Expression: transcriptional repression and RNA interference
In the classic Caenorhabditis elegans experiment, double-stranded RNA produced strong, sequence-specific interference with the corresponding gene's activity. Comparing double-stranded and single-stranded inputs helped identify the effective trigger. [ref]
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans by Andrew Fire and others. 1998, abstract and RNA-interference experiments
A reduced protein readout alone still does not locate the step affected: transcript abundance, translation and protein turnover can each change it. Articles by others on the same topic
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