Past exam of the laser science and quantum information processing course of the University of Oxford / 2018 / 3 / a

Take ${\sigma }_z|e⟩=|e⟩$ and ${\sigma }_z|g⟩=-|g⟩$. In the resonant Jaynes-Cummings model, the interaction connects only $|e,n⟩$ and $|g,n+1⟩$. Both have free energy $\hslash \omega (n+1/2)$, and their interaction matrix is $\hslash g\sqrt{n+1}{\sigma }_x$. ThereforeExponentiating this two-state block and applying it to $|e,n⟩$ yieldsThe populations undergo Rabi oscillations at angular frequency $2g\sqrt{n+1}$. The common phase in this fixed-$n$ block does not affect its probabilities, but it must be retained when blocks with different photon numbers are superposed.