Past exam of the materials science course of the University of Cambridge / 2019 / Paper 1 / 1 / a / i / Solution

In crystal polymorphism, the same chemical composition has different crystal structures; for an chemical element, this is a form of allotropy. Diamond has a three-dimensional tetrahedral network of covalent bonds, giving high hardness and a wide band gap. Graphite has strongly bonded planar sheets, with weaker interactions between sheets. Sliding between sheets makes it a useful solid lubricant; mobile electronic states give good electrical conduction within the sheets. Their different properties come from different bonding and structures, despite both being carbon.