Past exam of the mathematics and the environment and mathematical physiology course of the University of Oxford / 2010 / A / 1 / iii

Use dimensional quantities $T_d,t_d$ and set $T_d=T_{0}T$, $t_d=t_{0}t$. Dividing the energy balance by $\sigma \gamma T_0^4$ and the albedo equation by its time scale givesThus $\epsilon$ is the ratio of the atmospheric thermal response time to the much longer albedo response time. Converting kilometres to metres and years to seconds gives $C=10^7\mathrm{J}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$, $T_0\simeq 266.3\mathrm{K}$, $t_0\simeq 3.156\times 10^{10}\mathrm{s}$, andThe thermal time is about half a year, compared with a millennium for albedo adjustment. This is a singular perturbation: setting $\epsilon =0$ removes the independent initial condition for temperature.