Past exam of the physics 1 paper of the University of Oxford / 2014 / 10 / a

The incident particle obeys the energy–momentum relation $E^2=p^2{c}^2+m_1^2{c}^4$. The stationary target contributes energy $m_2{c}^2$ and zero momentum. A single product inherits the total four-momentum, so its invariant mass satisfiesHenceHere $E$ is the incident total energy, including rest energy. In a one-particle final state, exact production of a specified mass fixes the incident energy; there is no adjustable final relative motion to absorb excess energy. A resonance with a finite decay width relaxes that ideal exact equality over its line shape.