Past exam of the physics B course of the University of Cambridge / 2011 / Paper 1 / Section B / B8 / a

A galilean transformation relates inertial frames in uniform relative translation. For $\mathbf{V}$ the velocity of the primed origin,Absolute time and invariant acceleration make Newton's second law retain its form for the usual nonrelativistic interactions. For a particle of mass $m$, ${\mathbf{p}}^{\prime }=\mathbf{p}-m\mathbf{V}$ and $K^{\prime }=K-\mathbf{V}\cdot \mathbf{p}+m{V}^2/2$. Momentum and kinetic energy are frame dependent, although an isolated system's conservation laws hold in either inertial frame. Relative velocities and collision predictions are consistent between frames. A rotating or accelerating frame instead requires inertial-force terms. Maxwell equations with a fixed light speed are not Galilean invariant; Lorentz transformations replace these relations when relativistic effects matter.