Past exam of the physics B course of the University of Cambridge / 2017 / Paper 1 / Section A / A3

Use $x=\rho \cos \varphi$, $y=\rho \sin \varphi$ to recognize the planar quadrupole potential, $V=A(x^2-y^2)$. Its electric field is minus the gradient:or, in cylindrical coordinates,For $A>0$, arrows point toward the origin along the $x$ axis and away from it along the $y$ axis. The off-axis electric field lines satisfyThe axes themselves are the separating field lines; the origin is a field null. Reversing $A$ reverses every arrow. The field is independent of $z$, and $A$ has units $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$.