Past exam of the physics of atmospheres and oceans course of the University of Oxford / 2022 / 1 / a

For the variable-latent-heat saturation curve of a pure saturated water atmosphere, the total pressure equals the saturation pressure. The exact Clausius-Clapeyron relation along the phase coexistence curve iswhere $v_v,v_c$ are the specific volumes of the vapor and condensed thermodynamic phase. Neglecting $v_c$ and using the ideal gas law, $v_v=R_{\mathrm{wv}}T/p$, givesThe triple point provides the integration constant. Below it, the prescribed latent heat is constant, soAbove it, write $K=L_{\ast }/[R_{\mathrm{wv}}(T_c-T_{\ast })]$. Integrating $K(T_c/T^2-1/T)$ givesThese are the requested implicit temperature profiles $T(p)$. Both branches meet at $(T_{\ast },p_{\ast })$, and each is monotone before the limiting liquid-gas critical point. The lower branch describes equilibrium with ice, rather than a stable liquid surface. A stable liquid ocean surface belongs to the upper branch; the colder upper atmosphere may use the lower branch. Hydrostatic balance is needed to convert this relation into a height profile, but not to obtain $T(p)$.