A vertebrate belonging to the lineage of four-limbed vertebrates, including descendants whose limbs were reduced or lost.
A Devonian digit-bearing vertebrate with eight anatomical digits in the forelimb, demonstrating that a five-digit condition was not universal in early limbs.
The posterior paired limb of the tetrapod body plan. A reduced limb can lose its locomotor role while retaining other functions.
The anterior paired limb of the tetrapod body plan, modified into structures including arms, wings and flippers.
A tetrapod in the lineage including synapsids and sauropsids, characterized ancestrally by embryonic membranes including an amnion.
The reptile-side amniote lineage, including birds. A traditional assemblage excluding birds does not contain all of this ancestry’s descendants.
A fossil reptile proposed as an early turtle relative. Its skull anatomy, ontogeny and phylogenetic placement have been used to test the history of temporal roof closure.
A reptile lineage with a two-opening temporal skull organization inferred in its ancestry. Modified descendants can lose or close these openings; turtles illustrate why present-day hole counts do not determine ancestry.
A member of the turtle lineage, whose shell and skull underwent substantial modification. Molecular and fossil evidence support a diapsid origin, with living turtles commonly recovered as sister to archosaurs.
A Middle Triassic stem relative of turtles combining modified ribs and ventral skeletal elements with temporal anatomy supporting a diapsid origin.
The clade comprising the most recent common ancestor of living crocodilians and birds and all its descendants, including extinct dinosaurs. Being sister to this clade does not make turtles archosaurs.
A member of the dinosaur lineage, including birds. Restricting the word to extinct nonavian forms excludes descendants.
A member of the theropod lineage of dinosaurs, within which birds are nested. The hands and integument of nonavian relatives inform comparisons of avian origins.
A name used for a more restricted avian-lineage clade than Panaves. Definitions have included a branch-based bird-versus-deinonychosaur rule and an apomorphy-based flight rule; the definition must be specified in comparative work.
A member of the avian lineage of theropod dinosaurs. The extent of the named group can differ between crown-based and broader fossil usages.
A toothed Late Cretaceous bird outside Aves in crown usage, important for comparisons of the avian skull.
A Late Jurassic avian-lineage theropod dinosaur outside the living-bird crown group under standard relationships.
Used here for the crown group of birds: the last common ancestor of living palaeognaths and neognaths and all descendants. Broader historical definitions also occur and should be stated explicitly.
The crown-bird lineage containing Galloanserae and other living birds outside Palaeognathae. Taxonomic membership and possession of a particular mobile palate are different claims.
The crown-bird lineage containing ostriches, emus, kiwis, tinamous and relatives. Its palaeognathous palate is an anatomical specialization, not evidence that its members are ancestors of neognaths.
A corvid, including Corvus corax, used in studies of social information and caching.
A radiation of Galápagos and nearby finches important in studies of ecological divergence, song and hybridization.
The owl called Tyto alba in the cited sibling-negotiation experiments.
A member of the living crocodilian lineage, including crocodiles and their closest living relatives. birds are its living sister lineage within Archosauria.
A living representative of the rhynchocephalian lineage. Including this branch helps test alternatives for turtle placement rather than equating all lepidosaur diversity with lizards.
A reptile taxon whose precise ancestry-based definition should be stated. clade usages include birds; the traditional everyday assemblage excluding birds is paraphyletic.
An amniote in the lineage containing mammals and their extinct relatives on the mammalian side of the split from sauropsids. The name does not mean a mammalian ancestor was a living reptile.
A synapsid in the lineage that includes cynodonts and mammals. Many therapsids lie outside the mammalian crown group.
A therapsid belonging to the group containing mammaliaforms and close extinct relatives. Enlargement of the dentary, differentiation of teeth and changes in the palate record a mosaic of feeding transformations.
A cynodont clade containing mammaliaforms and some close extinct relatives. It is broader than the living mammalian crown group.
A member of the lineage including mammals and close extinct relatives such as Morganucodon. Usage must distinguish this broader grouping from a living mammalian crown group.
A Middle Jurassic mammaliaform with aquatic adaptations and preserved integument. The fossil supplies a minimum occurrence for a fur-bearing covering, not the exact origin date of endothermy. [ref]
A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals by Qiang Ji and others. Science 311, pp. 1123–1127; Castorocauda skeleton and preserved integument
An Early Cretaceous mammal initially interpreted as a metatherian; later comparative analysis supported a eutherian placement, illustrating uncertainty in fossil assignment. [ref]
An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy by Shundong Bi and others. Nature 558, pp. 390–395; Ambolestes anatomy and revised placement of Sinodelphys
An extinct mammalian radiation historically known chiefly from teeth. New cranial and skeletal material permits wider tests of its uncertain relationships. [ref]
First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism by David W. Krause and others. Nature 515, pp. 512–517; Vintana cranium and phylogenetic character sampling
A latest Cretaceous Malagasy gondwanatherian with an unusually informative skeleton and a mosaic of anatomical features. [ref]
Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity by David W. Krause and others. Nature 581, pp. 421–427; Adalatherium skeleton and insularity hypothesis
A latest Cretaceous Malagasy gondwanatherian known from a well-preserved cranium. [ref]
First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism by David W. Krause and others. Nature 515, pp. 512–517; Vintana cranium and phylogenetic character sampling
A grouping used in hypotheses contrasting northern and southern origins of tribosphenic molars, including the lineage of therians.
A proposed southern mammaliaform grouping important to hypotheses of an independent southern origin of tribospheny. Membership and relationships have differed among analyses. [ref]
Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals by Zhe-Xi Luo and others. Nature 409, pp. 53–57; alternative placements of southern tribosphenic mammals
A Middle Jurassic Malagasy mammaliaform known from lower teeth in a jaw fragment. Its tribosphenic-like construction bears on competing hypotheses for the origin of tribospheny. [ref]
A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar by John J. Flynn and others. Nature 401, pp. 57–60; Ambondro lower jaw, approximately 167 ± 2 million years old
An Early Jurassic mammaliaform with a small skull documenting changes in the jaw, ear attachment and braincase. [ref]
A new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics by Zhe-Xi Luo and others. Science 292, pp. 1535–1540; Hadrocodium skull and jaw comparisons
An early mammaliaform whose jaw preserves both articular–quadrate and dentary–squamosal articulations.
For a crown-based usage, a member of the clade comprising the last common ancestor of living monotremes and therians and all its descendants. hair and lactation characterize living members, but recognition of many early fossils depends on jaw and dental characters.
Sorex minutus, a native Irish shrew.
Crocidura russula, an introduced shrew in Ireland first recorded there in 2007.
Native status is geographical: a species native in mainland Britain can be introduced to an offshore island.
An antelope studied for false alarm snorts associated with retaining receptive females.
A member of the living human species. Our anatomy retains deeply inherited vertebrate organization alongside derived specializations.
Production and delivery of milk to offspring. It is characteristic of living mammals, including egg-laying monotremes.
The clade containing living marsupials and placental mammals and their common ancestor. These living branches are distinct from the broader total lineages Metatheria and Eutheria.
The lineage comprising placental mammals and extinct relatives closer to them than to marsupials. A fossil assignment to Eutheria does not automatically assign it to the placental crown group.
An Early Cretaceous eutherian from the Jehol biota. Its well-preserved anatomy informed reassessment of characters used to distinguish early eutherians from metatherians. [ref]
An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy by Shundong Bi and others. Nature 558, pp. 390–395; Ambolestes anatomy and revised placement of Sinodelphys
An approximately 125-million-year-old Early Cretaceous mammal commonly analysed as a stem eutherian. Its informative skeleton combines eutherian affinities, epipubic bones and evidence of climbing adaptations. [ref]
The earliest known eutherian mammal by Qiang Ji and others. Nature 416, pp. 816–822; Eomaia skeleton and stem-eutherian character combination
A member of the crown group containing all living placental lineages. The presence of a placenta alone is not a sufficient phylogenetic definition: forms of placentation also occur in other mammals.
An extinct South American mammal whose unusual anatomy made its relationships difficult to resolve. Ancient protein sequences support affinities with the perissodactyl lineage. [ref]
Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates by Frido Welker and others. Nature 522, pp. 81–84; collagen sequences from Toxodon and Macrauchenia
An extinct South American ungulate-like mammal whose collagen sequence evidence supports affinities with the perissodactyl lineage. [ref]
Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates by Frido Welker and others. Nature 522, pp. 81–84; collagen sequences from Toxodon and Macrauchenia
An extinct group of hoofed mammals once linked closely to whale ancestry through dental similarities; whole-skeleton and molecular evidence changed that interpretation.
A member of Hominoidea, comprising lesser apes and great apes. Living members do not exhaust the anatomical diversity of extinct apes.
A member of Hominidae, including Pongo, Gorilla, Pan and Homo. Living apes are evolved comparative relatives, not unchanged ancestral populations.
An extinct African hominin genus whose species combine different locomotor and feeding character mosaics.
A Pliocene hominin important to studies of the relationship between habitual bipedalism and retained climbing capabilities. Comparative analysis must account for age and growth. [ref]
Australopithecus afarensis scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing in human evolution by David J. Green and others. Science 338, pp. 514–517; juvenile scapula and comparative growth patterns
An extinct African hominin genus, including Paranthropus boisei, with specialized masticatory anatomy.
An East African hominin with very large postcanine teeth and a robust feeding apparatus. dental microwear and enamel carbon-isotope evidence complicate a simple inference of habitual hard-object feeding from gross anatomy. [ref]
Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Paranthropus boisei by Peter S. Ungar and others. PLoS ONE 3, e2044; seven specimens with preserved microwear and comparison with gross anatomy
In the human-evolution usage adopted here, a member of the human lineage after its separation from Pan. Usage and formal tribal boundaries should be stated because classifications differ.
A Miocene fossil ape with a mosaic of trunk and hand characters. Its informative anatomy does not uniquely identify it as the Pan–Homo last common ancestor. [ref]
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain by Salvador Moyà-Solà and others. Science 306, pp. 1339–1344; orthograde trunk and contrasting hand morphology
An African fossil ape genus including Ardipithecus ramidus, important to hypotheses about early hominin locomotion.
An approximately 4.4-million-year-old fossil hominin with an informative, incomplete skeleton. Its inferred locomotor mosaic differs from treating a living chimpanzee as an unchanged human ancestor. [ref]
Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids by Tim D. White and others. Science 326, pp. 75–86; 4.4 Ma skeleton and locomotor mosaic
An archaic human lineage first characterized genetically. Its contribution to some living populations illustrates a history more complex than complete replacement without interbreeding.
An extinct Eurasian human lineage known from fossils and Ancient DNA, with evidence of genetic admixture with ancestors of living people.
The living human species. Its population history includes African ancestral structure, dispersal, demographic change and genetic admixture.
The species Pan paniscus, sister to the chimpanzee within Pan. It is a living evolved lineage rather than an unchanged ancestral social model.
Articles were limited to the first 100 out of 171 total.
Articles by others on the same topic
Includes:
- amphibians
- amniotes, which includes:
- sauropsida: reptiles and birds, which really are reptiles
- mammals
The exact relationships between those clades is not very clear as there's a bunch of extinct species in the middle we are not sure exactly where they go exactly, some hypothesis are listed at: en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&oldid=1053601110#Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)