For a resonator, the quality factor is times the stored energy divided by the energy dissipated per cycle, using a specified steady-state stored-energy convention. A series RLC circuit at resonance has , because its maximum magnetic energy is and one cycle of Joule heating dissipates .
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The Q factor, or quality factor, is a dimensionless parameter that describes the damping of oscillatory systems, including mechanical, electrical, and optical systems. It is defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency of the system to the bandwidth over which the system can oscillate effectively. In simpler terms, it quantifies how underdamped an oscillator is, indicating the sharpness of its resonance peak.