Kai Siegbahn's early instrument used iron-free magnetic double focusing and a thin-window Geiger-Müller counter. His later instrument, compatible with ultra-high vacuum, used a spherical electrostatic electron energy analyzer and monochromatic aluminum X-rays. Argon mixed with methane supplied simultaneous reference lines.[ref]
Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter by Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn. pp. 65–66, 82–84; Figs. 16–17
Two sulfur lines in sodium thiosulfate distinguished chemical environments within one compound. A separate gold comparison showed a fingerprint obscuring substrate lines.[ref]
Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter by Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn. pp. 67–69, Fig. 2; thiosulfate comparison
For an unknown sample, first document its preparation and transfer, then compare survey and detailed scans under reproducible illumination, contact and acquisition conditions. Repeat a region to test change during exposure. If a cleaning treatment is used, compare before and after rather than assuming that cleaning preserves the original chemical bonds. Report the photoelectron binding energy reference, reference lines, charge-compensation conditions and instrumental settings with the inferred chemical shift in photoelectron spectroscopy. A chemical interpretation should survive these checks as well as explain the line separation.
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