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- Absolute pressure
- Atmospheric pressure
- Atom-cloud gravity-gradient measurement
- Beam divergence
- Biot-Savart law
- Boyle's law
- Brewster reflection from a tangentially moving dielectric
- Charged sheet between grounded parallel plates
- Charge selection rule for complex scalar correlators
- Coherence length from a finite spectral band
- Coherent beam splitter recombination
- Cold-atom measurement of the gravitational constant
- Confocal pinhole throughput
- Contact potential difference
- Coulomb potential energy
- Coulomb's law
- Covariant transversality of a vacuum plane wave
- Critical angle for total internal reflection
- Cryogenic radiometer
- Current-distance test of vacuum tunnelling
- Cyclotron dee
- Depolarization factor of a dielectric ellipsoid
- Depolarization field
- Dielectric capacitance measurement
- Dielectric capacitor response
- Dipole evidence for bond polarization
- Doppler effect
- Drude-Lorentz reflectivity minimum
- Dunoyer molecular-beam experiment
- Effusive beam speed distribution
- Einstein photoelectric equation
- Electric charge
- Electric dipole
- Electric potential
- Electric susceptibility
- Electromagnetic waveguide
- Electron microscope
- Electrostatic accelerator
- Electrostatic boundary conditions at a conductor
- Electrostatic model of ionic binding
- Electrostatics
- Etalon resolving power and order overlap
- Fabry–Pérot resonance spacing
- Fabry–Pérot transmission from multiple reflections
- Faraday effect
- Faraday rotation from circular phases
- Far-field approximation for a current loop
- Finite-band Cherenkov yield model
- Frank-Tamm formula
- Free expansion
- Free fall
- Free spectral range
- Frequency and wavelength spectral radiance conversion
- Gas electron diffraction
- Gas-syringe measurement of Boyle's law
- Gauge pressure
- Gaussian beam
- Geometric pair-number distribution
- Guided wavelength
- Hertzian dipole
- Ideal gas law
- Infrared
- Interface phase matching
- Interference (wave propagation)
- Isothermal ideal-gas work
- Joule-Thomson effect
- Lenard cathode-ray window experiment
- LIGO differential strain measurement
- Lippmann fringe spacing
- Lorentz invariance of normalized plane-wave polarization
- Magnetic reversal measurement of Faraday rotation
- Mass spectrograph
- Michelson interferometer
- Millikan photoelectric experiment
- Molecular beam
- Molecular beam electric resonance
- Net charge from the asymptotic radial electric field
- Net radiative heat exchange
- One-mode Raman spectrum example
- Optical coherence length
- Optical molasses
- Optical molasses experiment of 1985
- Optical path length
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- Permittivity
- Phase-conjugate ray retracing
- Photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric threshold frequency
- Photoelectron binding energy reference
- Photoemission spectroscopy
- Photon momentum
- Photopic luminous efficiency function
- Precision displacement measurement with a Michelson interferometer
- Pressure sensor
- Rabi molecular beam magnetic resonance experiment
- Radiance
- Radiation pressure
- Radiation pressure of a directed beam
- Radiation pressure of an isotropic photon gas
- Raman shift
- Rayleigh length
- Rayleigh optical gradient force
- Rayleigh scattering by a small sphere
- Rectangular electromagnetic waveguide
- Refraction
- Refractive index
- Refractive index and wavelength
- Relativistic Doppler effect
- Ruby R-line shift
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- Second-harmonic generation
- Shot noise
- Siegbahn photoelectron spectroscopy experiments
- Spectral luminous efficacy
- Spectral radiant flux
- Stefan–Boltzmann law
- Stern-Gerlach apparatus in 1922
- Stimulated emission
- Stokes shift
- Temporal coherence from crossed beams
- Thermal insulation
- Thermionic emission
- Thin phase-plate cancellation by phase conjugation
- Three-site Abelian Higgs chain
- Total internal reflection
- Two-stage electron imaging
- Ultraviolet
- Vacuum conservation of specific intensity
- Vacuum permittivity
- Vacuum photodiode
- Vacuum-window implosion energy estimate
- Wavefront
- Waveguide cutoff frequency
- Waveguide phase and group velocities
- Work function
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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A vacuum is a space that is essentially devoid of matter, meaning it has very low pressure and density, and contains very few particles, such as atoms or molecules. In an ideal vacuum, there would be no air or any other substances; however, achieving a perfect vacuum is practically impossible. In physics, vacuums are often described in terms of pressure, with standard atmospheric pressure at sea level being about 101,325 pascals (or 1 atmosphere).
