The Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADM) is a type of tactical nuclear weapon designed by the United States during the Cold War. It was developed under the Army's Atomic Demolition Munition program and was primarily intended for use in battlefield scenarios, particularly for demolishing key enemy infrastructure, fortifications, or troop concentrations.

The Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) is the United States' nuclear war plan that outlines the country's strategy for a nuclear response in the event of conflict. It serves as the overarching plan for the use of nuclear weapons and integrates various components of the military and national defense strategies. The SIOP specifies the types of nuclear forces and planned responses, detailing targeting strategies and the sequencing of strikes to achieve the desired military objectives.

The Trident is a family of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) that are primarily used by the United States and the United Kingdom as part of their nuclear deterrent capabilities.

The UGM-96 Trident I, also known as Trident C4, is a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed by the United States. It is part of the Trident missile system and was designed to enhance the strategic capabilities of the U.S. Navy's fleet of nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs).

Chinese nuclear weapons testing refers to the series of underground and atmospheric tests conducted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) starting in the 20th century to develop and evaluate its nuclear arsenal. The testing is a critical component of China's nuclear policy and strategy, which is influenced by its military objectives, national security concerns, and international relations.

Alexander Perepilichny was a Russian businessman who gained notoriety after his sudden death in 2012 in the UK. He had been living in exile and was reportedly involved in whistleblowing regarding financial crimes linked to Russian organized crime and corruption. His death, which occurred shortly after he had provided information to British investigators, raised suspicions and led to various theories, including that it may have been caused by poisoning.

Boris Saltykov is not a widely recognized name in global historical or cultural contexts up to my last update in October 2023. It may refer to a lesser-known individual or character in literature, art, or a niche field.

Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan is a prominent Russian astrophysicist known for his contributions to various areas of astrophysics and theoretical physics. His work has primarily focused on topics such as the structure and evolution of stars, accretion processes in astrophysical objects, and the properties of neutron stars and black holes. He has made significant contributions to our understanding of cosmic phenomena, including the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.

Ilya Segal is an economist known for his contributions to various fields, including game theory, mechanism design, and decision theory. He has worked on topics such as information economics and the economics of incentives. Segal's research often focuses on how economic mechanisms can be designed to achieve efficient outcomes in the presence of asymmetric information. He has published numerous academic papers and has taught at various prestigious institutions.

Natan Sharansky is a notable Israeli politician, human rights activist, and former Soviet dissident. Born on January 20, 1948, in Donetsk, Ukraine, Sharansky became prominent in the 1970s as a vocal advocate for the rights of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel. He was arrested in 1977 and sentenced to 13 years in prison for his political activities, including his efforts to promote Jewish emigration and his criticism of the Soviet government.

Sergei B. Chernyshev could refer to a specific individual in various fields, but as of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't a widely recognized figure by that name in major academic, artistic, or public spheres.

Sergei V. Bulanov is a name that could refer to an individual who may be involved in various fields such as science, academia, or other professions. However, without more specific context, it's difficult to provide precise information. There could be multiple people with that name, and details about each would vary significantly.

Volodymyr Shkidchenko is not widely recognized in popular culture or historical context, and there doesn't seem to be a prominent figure or concept with that name in readily available sources up to October 2023.

The Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) is an interdisciplinary research initiative that focuses on the long-term development of infrastructure systems. It aims to understand and improve the planning, design, and operation of infrastructure—such as energy, transport, water, and waste systems—by studying how these systems can transition towards more sustainable and resilient states.

The Software Sustainability Institute (SSI) is an organization that aims to promote and support the sustainable development of research software. Established in the UK, it focuses on improving the usability, reproducibility, and longevity of software used in research. The institute works with researchers, institutions, and funding bodies to address the challenges associated with research software, including issues of maintenance, funding, best practices, and community engagement.

Utopia Documents is a document viewer and annotation tool designed for academic and research journals, particularly those published in PDF format. It aims to enhance the reading experience of scholarly articles by integrating additional functionalities that facilitate interaction with the content. Users can highlight text, take notes, and access related data, such as figures, datasets, and supplementary materials, directly within the document. Utopia Documents also supports linking to external resources, enabling researchers to easily explore related literature and other relevant information.

IOP Publishing is a division of the Institute of Physics, a British professional body for physics and related sciences. IOP Publishing specializes in publishing high-quality academic journals, books, and other resources in the fields of physics and other scientific disciplines. The organization is known for its rigorous peer-review process and its commitment to advancing scientific knowledge.

The Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) is a prestigious profession designation awarded by the Institute of Physics (IOP) in the United Kingdom. It recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of physics and have demonstrated a high level of achievement in their professional work.

IOP Publishing is a company that specializes in publishing scientific research and literature, particularly in the fields of physics, materials science, and related disciplines. It is a subsidiary of the Institute of Physics, a charitable organization based in the UK. Established in 1968, IOP Publishing is known for its high-quality peer-reviewed journals, books, and conference proceedings. The company plays a significant role in disseminating research findings to the global scientific community and provides a platform for researchers to share their work.

Physics World is a magazine and online publication aimed at providing news, features, and commentary on various topics in the field of physics. It is published by the Institute of Physics (IOP), a professional organization based in the UK that promotes the advancement and dissemination of physics research and education. The magazine covers a wide range of topics, including developments in fundamental research, applied physics, engineering, astronomy, and other related fields.