Materiomics is an interdisciplinary field that combines materials science, biology, and data science to study and analyze the properties, functions, and interactions of biological materials at various levels. It focuses on understanding the relationships between the structure and composition of materials and their biological effects, which can include responses to stimuli, interactions with cells, and overall functionality in biological systems.

Mechanical testing refers to a series of tests conducted on materials or components to determine their mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility, hardness, toughness, and elasticity. These properties are essential for understanding how a material will perform under various conditions and in different applications. Common types of mechanical testing include: 1. **Tensile Testing**: This involves applying a uniaxial load to a material until it deforms or breaks.

Metallurgical failure analysis is a systematic investigation of materials and their properties to determine the causes of failure in metallic components or structures. This analysis is essential in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and manufacturing, to ensure safety, reliability, and performance.

Necking in engineering refers to a phenomenon that occurs during the deformation of materials, particularly in ductile materials like metals, under tensile stress. When a material is stretched beyond its yield strength, it begins to deform plastically. As the material is pulled, it may eventually reach a point where localized deformation occurs, leading to a reduction in cross-sectional area in a specific region. This localized thinning is known as necking.

The Persoz pendulum is a type of pendulum used to measure the hardness of coatings and other materials, particularly in the context of evaluating their resistance to scratching or abrasion. The device operates based on the principle of measuring the time taken for a pendulum to come to rest after being set in motion, which correlates to the hardness of the material being tested. In a typical setup, the Persoz pendulum consists of a swinging arm with a weighted end and a reference scale.

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in various photolithography processes, commonly found in the manufacturing of semiconductors, microelectronics, and printed circuit boards. It is applied as a liquid and then coated onto a substrate, such as silicon wafers. Here’s how photoresist works: 1. **Application**: A liquid photoresist is uniformly applied to the surface of a substrate.

Piezospectroscopy is a specialized technique that involves the study of the effects of mechanical stress on the spectral characteristics of materials, particularly in relation to their optical properties. It is based on the principle that the application of pressure or stress can cause changes in the energy levels of electronic states within a material, leading to shifts in the frequency of emitted or absorbed light.

Puncture resistance refers to the ability of a material or product to withstand puncturing forces without being penetrated or damaged. This property is particularly important in various applications, including: 1. **Footwear**: Safety shoes often feature puncture-resistant soles to protect the wearer's feet from sharp objects such as nails or shards of glass. 2. **Gloves**: Puncture-resistant gloves are used in industries where workers handle sharp tools or materials, providing protection against cuts and punctures.

Reflectance Difference Spectroscopy (RDS) is an optical technique used to analyze the electronic and optical properties of materials, particularly thin films and surfaces. The method involves measuring the difference in reflectance of light polarized in different directions when it is incident on a sample. ### Key Features of Reflectance Difference Spectroscopy: 1. **Polarization Sensitivity**: RDS relies on the fact that the reflectance of a surface can vary depending on the polarization of the incident light.

Rigid unit modes (RUMs) are a concept primarily found in the study of frameworks like zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and certain types of crystalline materials. They refer to the vibrational modes of these structures that involve the movement of entire rigid units (such as tetrahedral or octahedral clusters) without changing the overall connectivity or arrangement of the material's framework.

Specific modulus is a material property that relates the stiffness of a material to its density. It is defined as the ratio of the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) to the density of the material. This property is particularly useful in applications where both stiffness and weight are important factors in material selection, such as in aerospace and automotive engineering.

Sputtering is a physical process used in various applications, particularly in materials science and semiconductor manufacturing. It involves the ejection of atoms or molecules from a solid target material due to bombardment by high-energy particles, typically ions. When these high-energy ions collide with the target surface, they can impart enough energy to dislodge atoms from it, leading to the ejection of atoms into the surrounding environment.

Stopping power in the context of particle radiation refers to the ability of a material to reduce the energy of charged particles—such as electrons, protons, or alpha particles—passing through it. It is defined as the rate at which the kinetic energy of the particles is lost per unit distance traveled in the material. Stopping power is an important concept in radiation physics, medical physics, and radiation protection.

Strengthening mechanisms of materials refer to various methods and processes through which the mechanical properties, particularly strength and hardness, of materials can be improved. These mechanisms are essential in material science and engineering, as they enable the design and use of materials that can withstand greater loads and stresses in various applications. Here are some common strengthening mechanisms: 1. **Grain Boundary Strengthening**: Reducing the size of the grains in a crystalline material can improve its strength.

In materials science and condensed matter physics, "strongly correlated materials" refer to systems in which the behavior of electrons cannot be described adequately by simple models or approximations, such as the independent-particle approximation used in conventional solid-state physics. In these materials, the interactions between electrons are strong enough that they significantly affect the properties of the material, leading to complex behaviors that cannot be understood by treating the electrons as non-interacting entities.

"Super black" typically refers to a type of ultra-black material that absorbs a significant amount of visible light, making it appear extremely dark. The most famous example is Vantablack, a substance developed from vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Vantablack absorbs up to 99.965% of visible light, giving it an almost surreal appearance as it can create the illusion of a void or a flat surface.

The swelling index is a measurement used primarily in the context of materials, particularly clays and soils, to quantify the degree to which a material expands when it interacts with water or other solvents. It is an important parameter in various fields, including geotechnical engineering, agriculture, and environmental science. In the context of soils, the swelling index indicates how much a soil will swell when it becomes saturated with water. This is especially relevant for clay soils, which can significantly change volume with moisture content fluctuations.

Thermal history coating, also known as thermal history indicator or thermal monitoring coating, refers to a type of thermochromic coating that changes color in response to temperature variations over time. This technology is often used to indicate heat exposure for materials, components, or products in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and electronics.

Thermal spraying is a versatile surface engineering technique used to apply a coating to a substrate to enhance its properties such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal protection. The process involves generating a spray of molten or semi-molten materials (called feedstock) that are propelled onto the surface of a substrate. Once these particles impact the substrate, they cool and solidify, forming a coating that adheres to the surface.

The timeline of materials technology spans thousands of years, reflecting the development and use of various materials by humans for tools, structures, and other applications. Here’s a brief overview highlighting key milestones in materials technology throughout history: ### Prehistoric Era - **Stone Age (~2.5 million years ago - ~3000 BCE)**: Early humans used stones for tools (e.g., flint, obsidian) and weapons. The development of methods to shape stones marked the beginning of materials technology.