Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains, which can vary in length and degree of saturation. They are essential components of lipids (fats and oils) and play crucial roles in biological processes. ### Key Features of Fatty Acids: 1. **Structure**: - **Carboxyl Group**: Each fatty acid has a carboxyl (-COOH) group at one end, which gives it acidic properties.

Applejack can refer to a few different things, depending on the context: 1. **Cider**: Traditionally, applejack is a type of alcoholic beverage made from apples, similar to apple cider but with a higher alcohol content. It is produced through the process of freezing cider and removing the ice, which concentrates the alcohol. 2. **Character**: In the realm of popular culture, Applejack is also a character from the animated television series "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely recognized figure or concept known as "Maria Teohari." It's possible that this name refers to a private individual, a recent public figure, or a topic that has emerged after that date.

It is understandable that you might not be able to reproduce a paper that does a natural science experiment, given that physics is brutal.

But for papers that have either source code or data sets, academic journals must require that those be made available, or refuse to publish.

Any document without such obvious reproducibility elements is a white paper, not a proper peer reviewed paper.

The small one in comparison to the ribosome large subunit.

Prime factor exponent notation is a way to express a number as a product of its prime factors, where each prime factor is raised to an exponent that indicates how many times that factor is used in the product. This notation is particularly useful in number theory for simplifying calculations, finding factors, and understanding the properties of numbers.

This is an extremely widely used technique as of 2020 and much earlier.

If allows you to amplify "any" sequence of choice (TODO length limitations) between a start and end sequences of interest which you synthesize.

If the sequence of interest is present, it gets amplified exponentially, and you end up with a bunch of DNA at the end.

You can then measure the DNA concentration based on simple light refraction methods to see if there is a lot of DNA or not in the post-processed sample.

Even Ciro Santilli had some contact with it at: Section "How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it", see: PCR!

One common problem that happens with PCR if you don't design your primers right is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_dimer

Sometime it fails: www.reddit.com/r/molecularbiology/comments/1kouomw/when_your_pcr_fails_again_and_you_start/and a comment:

In 2020 physics, best explained by general relativity.

TODO: does old Newtonian gravity give different force results than general relativity?

As you would expect, not much secret here, we just dumped a 1 liter glass bottle with a rope attached around the neck in a few different locations of the river, and pulled it out with the rope.

And, in the name of science, we even wore gloves to not contaminate the samples!