A near-extremal black hole refers to a type of black hole that is close to the extremal limit of its charge or angular momentum. In general relativity, black holes can be characterized by their mass, electric charge, and angular momentum. An **extremal black hole** is one that reaches the maximum possible charge or angular momentum for its mass, which means that its properties are at the limits set by the laws of physics.

The term "excluded people" generally refers to individuals or groups who are marginalized, disadvantaged, or barred from full participation in society. This exclusion can occur on various levels, including social, economic, political, or cultural. Some common categories of excluded people include: 1. **Economic Exclusion**: Individuals who live in poverty or are unemployed may lack access to resources and opportunities for advancement.

The Oppenheimer–Snyder model is a solution to Einstein's general relativity that describes the gravitational collapse of a homogeneous dust sphere. It was first introduced by physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder in a landmark paper published in 1939. This model is significant in theoretical physics as it lays the groundwork for understanding black holes and gravitational collapse.

The Vaidya metric is a solution to the Einstein field equations in general relativity that describes the spacetime geometry around a radiating body. It is particularly useful for modeling scenarios where a star or another massive object is losing mass due to radiation, which can occur during supernovae, for example. The Vaidya solution is an extension of the Schwarzschild solution, which describes the gravitational field outside a non-radiating, spherically symmetric massive body.

The Hollywood Blacklist refers to a period in the late 1940s and 1950s when the film industry in the United States ostracized individuals, particularly screenwriters, directors, and actors, due to their alleged associations with communism or leftist political beliefs.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) blacklist refers to a list of countries that are deemed to have significant deficiencies in their anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) measures. The FATF is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 to develop policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.

"International Sponsors of War" is not a widely recognized term or specific organization as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. However, it could refer to entities or nations that financially or materially support conflicts or war efforts in other countries. This support could come in various forms, including military aid, weapons supplies, financial assistance, or logistical support.

Biographies and autobiographies of mathematicians offer insights into the lives, thoughts, and contributions of influential figures in the field of mathematics. These works can vary widely in style and content, but generally, they share several key features: ### Biographies of Mathematicians 1. **Factual Accounts**: Biographies tend to focus on the life events, achievements, and historical context surrounding a mathematician.

Russian Wikipedia is the Russian-language version of Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia. It is one of the largest language editions of Wikipedia, second only to the English version in terms of the number of articles. Russian Wikipedia contains a wide range of topics and is collaboratively edited by volunteers from around the world who contribute to and maintain the content. Like all Wikipedia editions, it operates under the principles of open collaboration, allowing anyone to edit articles, share knowledge, and contribute to the collective information resource.

SABC stands for the South African Broadcasting Corporation. It is the national public broadcaster of South Africa and is one of the largest and oldest broadcasting organizations in Africa. Established in 1936, SABC operates several television and radio channels, providing content in multiple languages to cater to the diverse population of South Africa. As a public broadcaster, SABC's mission includes delivering a wide range of programming that informs, educates, and entertains its audience while promoting national unity and cultural diversity.

Generalized blockmodeling is a method used in network analysis, particularly for analyzing binary networks—networks where the ties between nodes are represented as either present (1) or absent (0). This method is particularly useful in social network analysis, where it helps to identify and summarize the structure of relationships among nodes (individuals or entities) by grouping them into blocks based on similarities in their connectivity patterns.

Isovolumetric contraction, also known as isometric contraction, is a phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract but there is no change in their volume. This occurs after the ventricles fill with blood and when the pressure inside them rises significantly without any blood being ejected into the aorta or pulmonary artery.

Supine hypertension is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in blood pressure that occurs when an individual is lying down in a supine position (on their back). It is most commonly observed in certain populations, such as individuals with autonomic dysfunction, patients with certain neurological conditions, or those with specific types of heart failure. In a healthy individual, blood pressure regulation allows for some variation in readings depending on the body's position.

"Einstein on the Run" is a book by journalist and author Andrew G. B. L. K. H. Crowley, published in 2020. The book explores the life of Albert Einstein, focusing on the lesser-known aspects of his journey, particularly during the early years of the 20th century when he was fleeing the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany.

Yerambam, also known as "yerba mate," is a traditional South American drink made from the leaves of the Ilex Paraguariensis plant. It is particularly popular in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The drink is prepared by steeping the dried leaves and twigs in hot water, and it is often served in a hollowed-out gourd, called a "mate," and sipped through a metal straw known as "bombilla.

The Consensus theorem is a simplification rule used in Boolean algebra and digital logic design. It states that certain combinations of Boolean variables can be simplified, leading to more efficient expressions.

"Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough" is an important scholarly critique written by the anthropologist and philosopher Edward Evans-Pritchard, which reflects on Sir James Frazer's seminal work, "The Golden Bough." Published in 1890, "The Golden Bough" is an extensive comparative study of mythology and religion, exploring the themes of fertility, death, and the rituals surrounding them across various cultures.