Boundary layers refer to a thin region of fluid (liquid or gas) that is affected by the presence of a solid surface, such as the surface of a wing, a pipe wall, or any other boundary where the fluid dynamics are influenced by that surface. This concept is crucial in the field of fluid mechanics and is particularly important in the study of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. The boundary layer typically forms when a fluid flows over a surface.

The Boy or Girl paradox is a thought experiment in probability that involves a seemingly counterintuitive scenario regarding gender. The classic version goes like this: A family has two children. We know that at least one of the children is a boy. What is the probability that both children are boys? Intuitively, many people might think the probability is 1/2, as there are two equally possible scenarios: either the children are (boy, boy) or (boy, girl).

In statistical mechanics, a **microstate** refers to a specific, detailed configuration of a system that describes the exact state of all its particles, including their positions and momenta. Each microstate gives a complete specification of the physical state of the system at a given time. The concept of microstates is crucial for understanding how macroscopic properties of systems emerge from the behavior of their microscopic components. A key idea is that a macroscopic system can be in many different microstates.

Brillouin spectroscopy is a sophisticated optical technique used to probe the mechanical and dielectric properties of materials at the microscopic level. It is based on the interaction of light with phonons, which are quantized sound waves or vibrational modes in a material.

The Brinkmann graph is a specific type of graph in graph theory known for its unique properties. It is characterized as a 3-regular (cubic) graph, meaning that each vertex has exactly three edges connected to it.

The Brinkman number (Br) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics and heat transfer that characterizes the relative importance of viscous dissipation to thermal conduction in a fluid flow. It is commonly used in the study of flow in porous media or in situations where the flow is significantly affected by both viscous forces and thermal effects.

During World War I, the concept of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), while not fully developed as we understand them today, began to take shape with several experimental designs and projects. The British, in particular, explored various forms of these early UAVs, primarily focusing on either remote-controlled aircraft or drones intended for specific military applications, such as reconnaissance or bombing.

Brown clustering is a hierarchical clustering algorithm used primarily in natural language processing (NLP) to group words or phrases based on their co-occurrence in a text corpus. Developed by Peter Brown and his colleagues in the early 1990s, the method aims to identify clusters of words that share similar contexts, thereby capturing a form of semantic similarity. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Co-occurrence**: The method evaluates how often words appear together in the same contexts (e.g.

The Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. It is part of a broader class of algorithms known as quasi-Newton methods, which are used to find local minima of differentiable functions. The key idea behind quasi-Newton methods is to use an approximation to the Hessian matrix (the matrix of second derivatives of the objective function) to facilitate efficient optimization.

The Bruun Rule is a widely used coastal engineering concept that describes the relationship between sea-level rise and the erosion of beaches and coastal ecosystems. Developed by Danish geomorphologist Per Bruun in the 1960s, the rule suggests that the coastal landward migration of the shoreline due to rising sea levels can be predicted based on the elevation of the beach and the slope of the submerged land.

A "Buddam" is a unit of measurement used in telecommunications to quantify the amount of data. Specifically, it is a size measurement for digital information and is equivalent to 1 megabit. The term "buddam" is primarily used in certain regions or organizations, but it's not a standard unit recognized globally like bytes, kilobytes, or gigabits.

The Applegate mechanism refers to a specific molecular mechanism involved in the desaturation of fatty acids, particularly in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in certain organisms, such as plants and some microorganisms. In a broader biochemical context, it involves the conversion of saturated fatty acids into unsaturated ones through the introduction of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. This process is essential for the production of various lipids that serve important roles in cell membrane structure and function, energy storage, and signaling.

In grammar, a **predicate** is the part of a sentence or clause that describes what the subject does or what happens to the subject. It typically includes the verb and any objects or modifiers associated with that verb. Essentially, the predicate provides information about the subject, such as actions, states, or occurrences. For example, in the sentence: - "The cat (subject) sat on the mat (predicate).

One of the sequencers made by Oxford Nanopore Technologies.

The device has had several updates since however, notably of the pore proteins which are present in the critical flow cell consumable.

Official documentation: nanoporetech.com/products/minion (archive)

The following images of the device and its peripherals were taken during the experiment: Section "How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it".

Apple ProDOS is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. for use on their Apple II series of personal computers. Released in 1986, ProDOS was designed to replace the earlier Apple DOS and offered several enhancements and features that improved the usability and functionality of the Apple II computers.

"Apple Worm" is a simple, puzzle-based game that typically involves guiding a worm to collect apples while navigating through various obstacles. The gameplay usually includes block-pushing mechanics, where players must maneuver the worm to reach the apples while avoiding traps or dead ends. The game often features progressively challenging levels, requiring strategic thinking to solve puzzles. While "Apple Worm" might refer to a specific version of this type of game, variations exist across different platforms and formats.

Predicted Aligned Error (PAE) is a term that is primarily used in the context of various prediction or estimation models, particularly in machine learning and data science, though it may not be a widely recognized term across all fields. The concept generally relates to assessing the accuracy and alignment of predictions made by a model compared to actual outcomes. In essence, PAE can denote the extent to which predictions deviate from actual values, emphasizing how well the predicted outcomes match the expected results.

The Sieve of Pritchard is a relatively lesser-known algorithm in number theory used for finding prime numbers. It is named after mathematician J. W. Pritchard, who introduced this technique. The sieve method is a general approach for finding primes, which includes more famous algorithms like the Sieve of Eratosthenes.

Run to completion scheduling is a scheduling policy primarily used in computing and real-time systems where a task is allowed to run to its completion without being preempted by other tasks or processes. This means that once a task starts executing, it is not interrupted until it has finished running.