Bonapartism refers to a political ideology and system of governance that draws its name from Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor. It characterizes a form of authoritarianism where a strong leader, often emerging from military or populist backgrounds, governs with a significant degree of centralized power, often bypassing traditional democratic institutions.

Population growth projections refer to estimates of future population sizes based on current and historical demographic data, trends, and statistical models. These projections consider various factors, including birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. There are different methods for projecting population growth, and these projections are often made for specific geographical areas, such as countries, regions, or cities.

Propagule pressure is a term used in ecology and environmental science to describe the quantity and viability of organisms (propagules) that are introduced to a new environment. These propagules can include seeds, spores, eggs, larvae, or any dispersible stages of plants or animals. The concept of propagule pressure is significant in the study of biological invasions, as it helps to explain the likelihood and success of non-native species establishing themselves in new ecosystems.

In population biology, a "refugium" (plural: refugia) refers to a habitat or environment that provides a safe haven for certain species, allowing them to survive during periods of adverse conditions, such as climate change, natural disasters, or habitat destruction. Refugia play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity, as they can help preserve populations of species that might otherwise become extinct due to unfavorable environmental factors.

You can't just shred individual sSD files because SSD writes only at large granularities, so hardware/drivers have to copy stuff around all the time to compact it. This means that leftover copies are left around everywhere.

What you can do however is to erase the entire thing with vendor support, which most hardware has support for. On hardware encrypted disks, you can even just erase the keys:

TODO does shredding the

Species distribution refers to the way in which different species are spread out across various geographic areas. It encompasses the patterns, processes, and factors that affect where species live, including both the environmental conditions and biotic (living) interactions that influence their presence and abundance in particular locales. Key aspects of species distribution include: 1. **Geographic Range**: This refers to the area where a species is found.

Subnational rank refers to the ranking of entities within a country based on specific criteria, often used to compare regions, states, provinces, cities, or other subdivisions of a nation. This type of ranking is typically employed in various contexts, including economic performance, education, health metrics, or other indicators of development and quality of life. For example, a subnational rank could involve listing states in the United States based on their GDP, education outcomes, health care quality, or even environmental sustainability.

A survivorship curve is a graphical representation that shows the number or proportion of individuals surviving at different ages within a population. It helps researchers and ecologists understand the mortality rates and life expectancy of species, as well as the reproductive strategies and life history traits of organisms.

The Two-child policy refers to a population control policy implemented by the Chinese government to limit the number of children a family can have. Initially, China adopted a One-Child Policy in 1979 to curb population growth, which restricted most families to having only one child. However, due to various social and economic challenges, including an aging population and a decreasing workforce, the policy was relaxed.

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a devastating disease that affects hibernating bats, primarily in North America. It is caused by the fungal pathogen *Pseudogymnoascus destructans*. The disease is characterized by a white, powdery fungal growth on the noses and wings of infected bats, which is how it gets its name.

World energy resources refer to the various sources and types of energy that can be harnessed and utilized to meet global energy demands. These resources can be broadly categorized into renewable and non-renewable energy sources. ### 1. **Non-Renewable Energy Sources:** These resources are finite and can diminish over time with extraction and use. They include: - **Fossil Fuels:** - **Coal:** A solid fossil fuel primarily used for electricity generation and industrial processes.

Kemalism, named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, is a political, social, and cultural ideology that emphasizes nationalism, secularism, modernization, and reform. It emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Localism in Hong Kong refers to a political and social movement that emphasizes Hong Kong's unique identity and promotes the interests of its local population. This movement arose in response to various issues, including perceived encroachments on Hong Kong's autonomy, cultural identity, and political freedoms by the Chinese central government.

Popular sovereignty is a political doctrine that asserts that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives. Essentially, it emphasizes that the power of the government is derived from the will and consent of the governed, meaning that the population has the ultimate authority in decision-making. This concept is fundamental to democratic systems and is often associated with the belief that the people should have the right to participate in the political process, including the creation of laws and policies.

Populism is a political approach characterized by the idea of "the people" versus "the elite." It can manifest in various forms across different countries, often based on local contexts, issues, and historical backgrounds. Below is an overview of populism in several countries: ### 1. **United States** - **Political Figures:** Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders. - **Characteristics:** Anti-establishment rhetoric, appeals to working-class discontent, nationalism, and skepticism towards immigration and globalization.

Populism scholars are researchers and academics who study the political phenomenon known as populism. Populism is often characterized by its appeal to "the common people" against a perceived elite or establishment. Scholars in this field analyze its characteristics, causes, manifestations, and implications in various political contexts. Key areas of focus for populism scholars may include: 1. **Definitions and Theories**: Understanding what constitutes populism, including its ideological underpinnings and how it differs from other political movements.

Prosvita is a Ukrainian cultural and educational organization that plays a significant role in promoting Ukrainian language, culture, and heritage, particularly among the Ukrainian diaspora and in various regions of Ukraine. Founded in the 19th century, Prosvita's initiatives often include organizing cultural events, educational activities, and publishing literature related to Ukrainian history and culture. The organization aims to foster national awareness and support the growth of Ukrainian identity through various forms of cultural expression.

Chavismo is a political ideology and movement associated with Hugo Chávez, the former President of Venezuela, who held office from 1999 until his death in 2013. It is characterized by a blend of socialist, nationalist, and anti-imperialist sentiments, and it emphasizes the role of the state in the economy, social welfare programs, and the redistribution of wealth.

Chłopomania, also known as "Chłopomania" or "Chlopomania," is a historical term that originated in Poland, particularly in the 19th century. It refers to a cultural phenomenon characterized by the admiration of rural folk culture and the desire to romanticize peasant life.