The 16th century was a significant period for mathematics in Portugal, marked by the work of several notable mathematicians and the influence of the Portuguese Age of Discovery. Here are some key figures and contributions from that era: 1. **Pedro Nunes (1502-1578)**: Often considered one of the most important Portuguese mathematicians of the 16th century, Nunes made significant contributions to navigation and geometry.

The 18th century was a significant period for mathematics in Portugal, marked by a few notable mathematicians who contributed to various areas such as algebra, calculus, and astronomy. Here are some key figures and contributions from that era: 1. **José Anastácio da Cunha (1744–1787)** - A prominent mathematician and philosopher, Cunha made contributions to mathematics, particularly in calculus and numerical methods.

In the 19th century, Portuguese mathematics experienced significant developments, although it was less prominent compared to other European countries. Here are some notable aspects and mathematicians from that period: 1. **Notable Mathematicians**: - **José T. de Andrade (1827-1872)**: A mathematician who contributed to various fields, particularly in geometry.

The 20th century saw several notable Portuguese mathematicians who made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics. Here are some prominent figures: 1. **José Champalimaud (1918-2004)**: Known more for his contributions to medicine and philanthropy, Champalimaud was also involved in mathematical research, particularly in the context of his work in medical science.

The 21st century has seen numerous contributions from Portuguese mathematicians across various fields of mathematics. Here are a few notable figures and their contributions: 1. **Artur Avila** - A prominent mathematician known for his work in dynamical systems and mathematical analysis. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 2014 for his contributions to the theory of dynamical systems and is recognized for his work on the stability of differential equations and the statistical properties of dynamical systems.

The solar radius is a unit of measurement that represents the radius of the Sun. It is commonly used in astronomy to describe the size of stars and other astronomical objects in relation to the Sun. The solar radius is approximately \( R_{\odot} \approx 6.96 \times 10^8 \) kilometers (or about \( 4.36 \times 10^8 \) miles).

The Arithmetic Progression Game generally refers to a mathematical game or educational activity designed to help players understand and practice the concept of arithmetic progressions (AP). An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between consecutive terms is constant. For example, in the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, the common difference is 2.

The Waiter-Client game is a concept from game theory that models interactions between a service provider (the waiter) and a consumer (the client), typically in a restaurant setting. It explores the strategic decisions made by both parties as they interact with one another, often within the context of preferences, actions, and the resulting outcomes from those choices.

Comtism, also known as COMTism, refers to the belief in the significance of the COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase) gene, which is involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Variations in this gene can influence an individual's cognitive function, mood, and response to stress, leading to varying personality traits and behavioral tendencies.

Legal positivism is a school of thought in legal philosophy that asserts that the validity of law is not connected to moral or ethical considerations but is instead determined by its sources and formal criteria. According to legal positivism, laws are rules created by human beings and are valid because they are enacted by legitimate authority or follow established procedures, rather than because they are just or moral.

A biased positional game is a type of combinatorial game, often used in game theory, where two players alternate turns and make moves that change the state of the game. The "biased" aspect refers to certain preferences or advantages that one player may have over the other, which can affect the strategy and outcome of the game. These biases can manifest in various ways, such as differing rules for each player, asymmetric starting positions, or unequal resources available to each player.

The Box-making game, also known as Box Wars or Box Game, is a playful and creative activity often enjoyed by children and sometimes adults. It typically involves the use of cardboard boxes and encourages imaginative play and competition. Here are a few common variations and ideas related to the Box-making game: 1. **Building Structures:** Participants use cardboard boxes to construct various structures, such as forts, houses, or obstacle courses.

The Clique game refers to a type of game based on the concept of cliques in graph theory. In a graph, a clique is a subset of vertices such that every two distinct vertices in the subset are adjacent. This means that a clique is a complete subgraph. In the context of a game, the Clique game can involve players trying to identify or form cliques based on specific rules, often involving strategy, negotiation, or deduction.

Eugène Sémérie is not a widely recognized term or figure in public discourse or historical records. It's possible that you may be referring to a lesser-known individual, a specific work, or perhaps a term that has gained relevance after my last update in October 2021.

Combinatorial game theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sequential games with perfect information, where players take turns making moves. Tic-Tac-Toe, a simple yet classic game, serves as an interesting case study in combinatorial game theory.

Hex is a two-player abstract strategy board game that was invented in the early 20th century, particularly credited to mathematician Piet Hein in 1942 and further developed by John Nash in 1948. The game is played on a hexagonal grid, typically in the shape of a diamond, with each player taking turns placing their pieces (usually colored stones or markers) on the board.

A positional game is a type of combinatorial game in which players take turns placing pieces on a board or taking actions that affect the game's state, and the objective is to achieve a specific configuration or position that is advantageous or winning. The rules typically focus on how players can manipulate pieces or spaces on the board rather than on random elements. Positional games can be analyzed using strategies and mathematical concepts from game theory, including winning strategies, move order, and player advantage.

The Mark–Houwink equation describes the relationship between the intrinsic viscosity \([η]\) of a polymer solution and the molecular weight \(M\) of the polymer. This empirical relationship is significant in polymer science as it provides insights into the size and shape of macromolecules in solution.

The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a measure of the flow characteristics of a thermoplastic polymer when it is melted. It quantifies the ease of flow of the molten polymer through a standard die under a specific temperature and load. The MFI is typically expressed in grams per 10 minutes (g/10 min) and is determined using a standardized test method, often specified by organizations such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) or ISO (International Organization for Standardization).

Micro-compounding generally refers to the process of creating very small-scale compounded pharmaceuticals or formulations that are typically prepared by a licensed pharmacist or a specialized compounding pharmacy. This practice allows for the customization of medications to meet the unique needs of individual patients, such as altering dosage forms, flavors, or delivery methods.