The Nonidentity Problem is a philosophical issue primarily discussed in the context of ethics, particularly in relation to decisions that affect the existence or well-being of future individuals. It emerges from questions about the moral implications of actions that determine who will exist in the future and the conditions of their lives. The problem can be illustrated with the following scenario: 1. Suppose a couple decides to have a child but knows that due to certain risky lifestyle choices (e.g.

"Non-Nuclear Futures" refers to concepts, policies, and practices that seek to address global energy and security issues without relying on nuclear power or weapons. This term can encompass a wide range of topics, including: 1. **Energy Generation**: Promoting renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power as alternatives to nuclear energy. The focus is on sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions that reduce reliance on fossil fuels and the potential risks associated with nuclear energy.

The term "diamond cubic" refers to a specific crystal structure that is characteristic of diamond and several other materials, including silicon and germanium. In this structure, each carbon atom in diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, resulting in a three-dimensional network.

The Big \( q \)-Jacobi polynomials are a family of orthogonal polynomials that are part of the larger theory of \( q \)-orthogonal polynomials. They are defined in terms of two parameters, often denoted as \( a \) and \( b \), and a third parameter \( q \) which is a real number between 0 and 1.

In the context of algebra and algebraic structures, particularly in the theory of rings and algebras, a **central polynomial** typically refers to a polynomial in several variables that commutes with all elements of a certain algebraic structure, such as a matrix algebra or a group algebra.

The principal root of unity specifically refers to the complex numbers that satisfy the equation \( z^n = 1 \) for a positive integer \( n \). These roots have the form: \[ z_k = e^{2\pi i k / n} \] for \( k = 0, 1, 2, \ldots, n-1 \).

The term "quasi-polynomial" refers to a type of mathematical function or expression that generalizes the concept of polynomial functions.

An Archimedean graph is a type of mathematical structure that is related to the concept of Archimedean solids in geometry. Specifically, an Archimedean graph is a vertex-transitive graph that can be represented as a Cayley graph of a group related to an Archimedean solid. In the context of geometry and polyhedra, Archimedean solids are convex polyhedra that are made up of two or more types of regular polygons.

The Ljubljana graph is a specialized graph in the field of graph theory. Specifically, it is a certain type of cubic (or 3-regular) graph, meaning that each vertex has exactly three edges connected to it. The Ljubljana graph is defined by a specific arrangement of vertices and edges, and it has some interesting properties, including being a distance-regular graph. It can be characterized by its vertex set and its connections, which lead to various applications in combinatorial designs and network theory.

Boris B. Zvyagin is a Russian physicist known for his work in condensed matter physics, particularly in the areas of magnetism and quantum transport. He has authored or co-authored numerous scientific papers and has contributed significantly to the understanding of magnetic materials and their properties.

Chang graphs, also known as Chang's graph or Chang's construction, are specific types of graphs in the field of combinatorial mathematics, particularly in graph theory. They are named after the mathematician Cheng-Chung Chang who introduced them in the context of studying properties of graphs and their applications in various areas of mathematics and computer science.

The Chvátal graph is a specific type of graph in the field of graph theory. It is a simple, undirected graph that consists of 12 vertices and 30 edges. The Chvátal graph is notable for several properties: 1. **Hamiltonian**: The Chvátal graph has a Hamiltonian cycle, meaning there exists a cycle that visits every vertex exactly once and returns to the starting vertex.

A Gewirtz graph is a specific type of graph in graph theory that is defined based on a particular recursive construction process. Named after the mathematician Herbert Gewirtz, it can be constructed by starting with a base graph and performing a series of operations that generate new edges and vertices based on certain rules. The most commonly associated features of Gewirtz graphs include the following: 1. **Recursive Construction**: Gewirtz graphs can be built incrementally.

The Higman–Sims graph is a highly symmetric, 22-vertex graph that arises in the context of group theory and combinatorial design. It is named after mathematicians Graham Higman and Charles Sims, who studied its properties in relation to the Higman–Sims group, a specific group in group theory. Here are some important characteristics of the Higman–Sims graph: 1. **Vertices and Edges**: The graph has 22 vertices and 57 edges.

The Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) is the principal source of official statistics and social research in Northern Ireland. It operates under the Department of Finance and aims to provide accurate, reliable, and relevant statistical information to support decision-making, policy formulation, and public understanding of various issues in the region. NISRA is responsible for conducting the Census of Population in Northern Ireland and compiling various demographic, social, economic, and environmental statistics.

Northern resident orcas, also known as Northern Resident Killer Whales, are a ecotype of orcas (Orcinus orca) that inhabit the coastal waters of the northern Pacific Ocean, particularly around the waters of British Columbia, Canada, and the southeastern portion of Alaska. They are part of the larger population of orcas found in the North Pacific, but they exhibit specific social structures, behaviors, and feeding habits that distinguish them from other ecotypes.

A quartic graph is a graphical representation of a polynomial function of degree four.

A **random regular graph** is a type of graph in which each vertex has the same degree, a property known as **regularity**, and the graph is generated in a random manner. Specifically, a random \( d \)-regular graph is a graph where: 1. **Degree**: Every vertex has exactly \( d \) edges (or connections) to other vertices, meaning it has a degree of \( d \).

A supersingular isogeny graph is a mathematical structure used primarily in number theory and algebraic geometry, particularly in the study of elliptic curves and their isogenies (which are morphisms between elliptic curves that respect the group structure). These graphs have become increasingly important in the field of cryptography, especially in post-quantum cryptographic protocols.

The Block Wiedemann algorithm is an efficient method for solving large sparse linear systems, specifically those defined over finite fields or in the context of polynomial time computations in algebraic structures. It is particularly useful for solving systems of linear equations that can be represented in matrix form where the matrix may be very large and sparse.