Research vessels of China refer to a range of specialized ships operated by various Chinese institutions and government agencies for marine research and oceanographic studies. These vessels are equipped with advanced technologies and instruments to conduct scientific research in fields such as marine biology, oceanography, geology, climatology, and environmental monitoring.

Research vessels of Germany are specialized ships used for scientific research in marine and oceanographic studies. These vessels are equipped with advanced technology and instruments to conduct a wide range of research activities, including but not limited to: 1. **Marine Biology**: Studying marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and species interactions. 2. **Physical Oceanography**: Investigating ocean currents, temperature, and salinity profiles.

Research vessels of the Netherlands are specialized ships used for scientific research, primarily in marine and oceanographic studies. These vessels are equipped with advanced technology and instruments to facilitate various types of research, including marine biology, oceanography, geology, and environmental monitoring. The Netherlands has a strong focus on maritime research due to its extensive coastline and significant maritime activities.

Carromancy is a form of divination that involves the interpretation of the patterns made by tossing or scattering carrom seeds or similar small objects. The practice is typically associated with seeking answers or guidance by analyzing how the seeds land and form patterns, which are then interpreted by the practitioner. This form of divination can draw on symbolism, tradition, and intuition to provide insights into the question or situation at hand.

The mild-slope equation is a mathematical representation used in coastal engineering and fluid dynamics to describe the propagation of surface water waves over varying bathymetry (the underwater equivalent of topography). It is especially useful for analyzing wave behavior in coastal areas, where the depth of the water changes gradually.

The Schamel equation is a type of nonlinear partial differential equation that is often used in plasma physics and fluid dynamics to model the evolution of wave phenomena, especially in the context of plasma waves and solitary waves. It is derived from the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and often appears in studies involving solitons and other wave solutions in dispersive media.

The relativistic Euler equations are a set of equations that describe the dynamics of perfect fluids in the context of relativistic physics. They extend the classical Euler equations, which govern the flow of inviscid (non-viscous), incompressible fluids, to situations where the speeds involved approach the speed of light, or in contexts where relativistic effects are significant, such as in astrophysics or cosmology.

The Taylor–von Neumann–Sedov (TNNS) blast wave is a theoretical model describing the propagation of a shock wave resulting from an explosion in a homogeneous medium. It is named after three scientists who contributed to the understanding of this phenomenon: G.I. Taylor, J. von Neumann, and L.I. Sedov. The TNNS blast wave model provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of the shock wave and the resulting flow fields in the vicinity of the explosion.

Washburn's equation describes the capillary action of liquids in porous media or thin tubes. It quantifies the rate at which a liquid will diffuse into a porous material due to capillary forces. The equation is often used in the context of materials science, fluid mechanics, and petroleum engineering, among other fields.

Gauss's law is a fundamental principle in electrostatics, part of Maxwell's equations, that relates the electric field generated by a charge distribution to the charge enclosed within a closed surface.

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon observed when the source of a wave (such as sound or light) is moving relative to an observer. It describes the change in frequency (or wavelength) of the wave as perceived by the observer due to the relative motion. 1. **Sound Waves**: When a sound source moves towards an observer, the sound waves get compressed, resulting in a higher frequency (or pitch) of the sound.

The K correction is a term used in astronomy to refer to a mathematical adjustment applied to the observed brightness (or luminosity) of astronomical objects, such as stars or galaxies, to account for the effects of redshift and to enable a more accurate comparison of their intrinsic properties. When light from distant objects is observed, the light waves are stretched due to the expansion of the universe, a phenomenon known as redshift.

A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) is an optical device used to measure vibrations or oscillations of an object without any physical contact. It operates on the principle of the Doppler effect, where the frequency of light reflected off a moving surface changes according to the velocity of that surface.

The relativistic Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency (and corresponding wavelength) of light or other waves emitted by a source that is moving relative to an observer, taking into account the principles of Einstein's theory of relativity. This effect becomes significant at speeds that are a substantial fraction of the speed of light.

A 22° halo is a type of optical phenomenon that appears as a ring of light encircling the sun or, less commonly, the moon. It is characterized by a radius of approximately 22 degrees from the center of the light source. This phenomenon occurs due to the refraction, reflection, and dispersion of light through ice crystal prisms in the atmosphere, typically found in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds.

Alexander's band refers to a specific optical phenomenon where a series of dark and bright bands appear around the shadow of an object, typically a planet or a moon, during a solar eclipse or when an object is illuminated in a certain way. The phenomenon is named after the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Alexander of Aphrodesius, who is often credited with the first recorded observation of this effect.

Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This phenomenon occurs because the atmosphere is not a uniform medium; instead, it has varying densities and temperatures, which can change how light travels through it. When light waves enter the atmosphere from space, they encounter layers of air with different properties, primarily due to temperature gradients.

A circumscribed halo, often referred to in the context of geology and mineralogy, describes a specific type of alteration zone that surrounds a mineral deposit or a particular rock formation. In this context, the term "halo" indicates a zone around a central feature where certain characteristics, such as mineral composition or chemical properties, change due to processes like hydrothermal alteration or contact metamorphism.

Crown flash is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when sunlight is refracted by water droplets in a cloud, typically just as the sun is setting or rising. It can create a bright, colorful ring or halo around the sun, often resembling a crown, which is where the name "crown flash" comes from. This effect can be enhanced by the presence of ice crystals or other atmospheric conditions that contribute to refraction and dispersion of light.

The term "false sunset" can refer to different phenomena depending on the context. One common usage is in photography and visual arts, where "false sunset" describes a situation where the colors and lighting conditions mimic those of sunset but are not actually occurring during that time. This can happen due to certain atmospheric conditions, like the presence of clouds or pollution that scatters light in a way that creates a sunset-like appearance even when the sun hasn't set.