Thomas Andrews (1813-1885) was an Irish scientist known primarily for his contributions to thermodynamics and physical chemistry. He is best remembered for his work on the critical point and the behavior of gases and liquids. One of his most significant achievements was the formulation of the concept of the "critical state" of substances, which describes the conditions at which the distinctions between gas and liquid phases disappear.

Hussain al-Shahristani is an Iraqi politician and a prominent figure in Iraq's energy sector. He served as Iraq's Minister of Oil from 2006 to 2010 and has played a significant role in shaping Iraq's oil policies and strategies during and after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Frederick Thomas Trouton was a notable figure in the field of science, particularly known for his work in physics and engineering in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best remembered for the "Trouton experiment," which was an important test related to the theory of electric fields and the ether. The Trouton experiment aimed to measure the drag on charged conductors moving through the ether, which was a hypothesized medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Irish women mathematicians have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, though historically, they have often been underrepresented. Over the years, several notable Irish women mathematicians have emerged, contributing to various areas of mathematics, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and related fields. Some prominent Irish women mathematicians include: 1. **Mary Cartwright**: An influential mathematician known for her work in non-linear differential equations and chaos theory.

"Irish astrophysicists" refers to scientists from Ireland or those of Irish descent who are engaged in the field of astrophysics, the branch of astronomy that deals with the physical properties and behavior of celestial bodies and the universe as a whole. These scientists may work in various areas, such as cosmology, stellar dynamics, planetary science, and the study of galaxies and the universe's structure.

Eoin O'Reilly could refer to various individuals, as it is a common name. Without specific context, it’s difficult to determine exactly who you might be asking about. In general, Eoin O'Reilly could be a person known in fields such as sports, academia, business, or entertainment.

James B. Kavanagh is an author known for his work in creating educational materials, particularly field guides and pocket guides for nature enthusiasts. He has written extensively on various subjects, including birds, plants, and wildlife, often focusing on American flora and fauna. His guides are popular among hikers, bird watchers, and educators for their concise and informative content, as well as their user-friendly formats.

John Tyndall was a 19th-century Irish physicist and natural philosopher, born on August 2, 1820, and passing away on December 4, 1893. He is best known for his work in areas such as atmospheric physics, thermodynamics, and the study of gases.

Exact trigonometric values refer to the precise values of the sine, cosine, tangent, and other trigonometric functions for specific angles, typically in degrees or radians. These values are often expressed as fractions, whole numbers, or square roots, rather than decimal approximations.

The Copeland–Erdős constant is a real number that is constructed by concatenating the prime numbers in sequence. It is named after mathematicians Arthur Copeland and Paul Erdős. The constant is expressed as follows: \[ C = 0.

The Erdős–Borwein constant, often denoted as \( C_{E,B} \), is a mathematical constant that arises in the context of number theory, particularly in relation to certain infinite series and products.

Positive liberty is a concept in political philosophy that refers to the idea of being truly free in the sense of being able to pursue one's own potential and goals. It contrasts with negative liberty, which is defined as freedom from interference by others, particularly the state. Positive liberty emphasizes the importance of enabling individuals to achieve their own purposes and fulfill their potential. It is concerned with the conditions necessary for individuals to truly exercise their freedom, which may include access to education, resources, opportunities, and social support.

The Reciprocal Fibonacci Constant, denoted by \( R \), is defined as the sum of the reciprocals of the Fibonacci numbers.

"Israel and the Bomb" is likely referring to the topic of Israel's nuclear weapons program and its implications for regional and global security. While Israel has never officially confirmed its nuclear arsenal, it is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons. This subject has been a point of significant international discussion, controversy, and concern.

ISO 31-6 is part of the ISO 31 series, which is a standard that provides rules and guidelines for the use of symbols and units of measurement in various fields, particularly in science and technology. Specifically, ISO 31-6 focuses on "Units of Quantity and Their Symbols." This part of the ISO standard deals with the particular units and symbols used to represent physical quantities.

ISO 31-8 is a part of the ISO 31 series of standards which deals with physical quantities and units. Specifically, ISO 31-8 pertains to the field of "Electromagnetism." This standard defines the terms and symbols used to express various electromagnetic quantities and outlines the units for measuring them. The ISO 31 series was developed to provide a coherent and standardized approach to scientific and technical documentation, ensuring consistency in the use of measurement units across different disciplines.

"Calutron Girls" is a graphic novel by author and artist Anu Anand, released in 2023. It tells the story of a group of women who worked at the California Institute of Technology's (Caltech) Calutron facility during World War II. These women, often referred to as "Calutron girls," played a crucial role in the development of the atomic bomb by operating the calutrons, devices used to separate isotopes of uranium and other elements.

Enriched uranium refers to uranium in which the percentage of the isotope uranium-235 (U-235) has been increased compared to natural uranium. Natural uranium consists primarily of about 99.3% uranium-238 (U-238) and only about 0.7% U-235. Enrichment processes increase the proportion of U-235 to levels suitable for various applications, particularly nuclear power generation and weapons.

Racks and quandles are concepts from the field of algebra, particularly in the study of knot theory and algebraic structures.

The Girdler sulfide process is a method used for the extraction of uranium from its ores, primarily applied in the context of uranium recovery from phosphate rock and other sources. Named after the researcher who developed it, the process selectively extracts uranium by using a combination of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in a series of chemical reactions.