The Choquet integral is a mathematical concept used to generalize the idea of integration, particularly in the context of non-additive set functions or capacities. It was named after Gustave Choquet, who introduced it in the context of set theory and probability. The Choquet integral is particularly applicable in situations where the interaction among elements doesn’t behave in an additive manner.
The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) is an experimental initiative designed to search for axions, which are hypothetical particles proposed as a candidate for dark matter. Dark matter makes up about 27% of the universe's total mass-energy content, yet it has not been directly observed. Axions are predicted by certain theories in particle physics, notably in the context of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The ADMX primarily aims to detect axions by exploiting their expected interactions with electromagnetic fields.
The China Dark Matter Experiment, also known as the China JinPing Underground Laboratory (CJPL) project, is a significant scientific initiative aimed at detecting dark matter particles. Located in the Jinping Mountain, Sichuan province, it is one of the deepest underground laboratories in the world. The facility is designed to minimize interference from cosmic rays and other background radiation, which is crucial for experiments aimed at detecting the elusive dark matter.
DEAP, which stands for Digital Emotion Analysis Program, is a framework commonly used for sentiment analysis and emotion recognition from text. It incorporates a variety of techniques, often leveraging machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), to analyze textual data and extract emotional content. However, it’s worth noting that "DEAP" can refer to different things in different contexts.
The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) is an astronomical project aimed at studying microlensing events and the structure of our galaxy, primarily the Milky Way. It was initiated in the early 1990s by a team of researchers from the University of Warsaw in Poland, led by Professor Andrzej Udalski.
The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is a significant geological feature located in central Russia, near the city of Kursk. It is characterized by a region of strong magnetic field variations, which are associated with the presence of iron ore deposits in the area. The anomaly is primarily caused by the geological composition of the region, which includes igneous and metamorphic rocks rich in magnetite, a magnetic iron mineral.
The Hart–Tipler conjecture is a hypothesis in the field of cosmology and theoretical physics, proposed by physicists J. Hart and F.J. Tipler. It is concerned with the implications of the existence of certain types of advanced civilizations and their interactions with the universe, particularly regarding cosmic structures and the potential for life.
Hypothetical life forms inside stars refer to speculative ideas about the existence of life in extreme environments, such as the interior of stars, where temperatures and pressures are extraordinarily high. While life as we know it is based on carbon and requires liquid water and suitable conditions to thrive, scientists have pondered the possibility of life forms that could exist in entirely different conditions.
Alien abduction refers to a phenomenon in which individuals claim to have been kidnapped or taken aboard extraterrestrial spacecraft by beings from other planets or dimensions. Reports often describe a range of experiences, including being subjected to medical examinations, communicating with alien entities, and sometimes being returned to Earth afterward.
Allan Hills 84001, often abbreviated as ALH 84001, is a meteorite that was discovered in the Allan Hills region of Antarctica in 1984. It is of significant scientific interest due to its origin as a Martian rock, having been expelled from Mars by a meteorite impact and later landing on Earth.
The Great Filter is a concept from the field of astrobiology and the Fermi Paradox that seeks to explain the apparent rarity of intelligent extraterrestrial life in the universe despite the vast number of potentially habitable planets. The Fermi Paradox highlights the contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing, given the vast number of stars and planets, and the lack of evidence or contact with such civilizations.
The term "hypothetical types of biochemistry" isn't commonly used in scientific literature, but it could refer to theoretical or speculative areas within the field of biochemistry that explore possibilities beyond current understanding or established knowledge. Below are a few interpretations or contexts where "hypothetical" might apply to biochemistry: 1. **Hypothetical Molecules or Pathways**: Researchers sometimes propose theoretical biochemical pathways or molecules that have not yet been discovered or characterized.
The Interdimensional UFO hypothesis is a speculative theory suggesting that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) may not originate from other planets or even our own dimension of space and time, but rather from parallel dimensions or alternate realities. This idea posits that extraterrestrial phenomena could be manifestations of beings or entities that exist in dimensions beyond our current understanding of physics.
The outline of extraterrestrial life typically encompasses various aspects ranging from the scientific search for life beyond Earth to philosophical and speculative considerations. Below is a structured outline that captures the key categories related to extraterrestrial life: ### 1. Introduction - Definition of extraterrestrial life - Historical context and early beliefs about life beyond Earth - Importance of studying extraterrestrial life ### 2. Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Life - A.
Planetary protection is a set of policies and practices aimed at preventing biological contamination of celestial bodies during space exploration, as well as protecting Earth from potential contamination by extraterrestrial materials. The goal is to ensure that scientific investigation of celestial bodies—such as Mars, the Moon, and other planets and their moons—can be conducted without compromising the integrity of those environments or the safety of Earth.
The Millennial Project is an initiative conceptualized by architect and futurist Marshall Savage in the late 20th century. The project aims to envision and promote a sustainable, long-term strategy for humanity's development, focusing on advancing technology and society in a way that prepares for the future. The core idea of The Millennial Project revolves around creating a vision for humanity's next millennium, emphasizing sustainability, space exploration, and the establishment of communities beyond Earth.
Xenoarchaeology is a hypothetical field of study that would focus on the exploration and analysis of extraterrestrial artifacts, structures, or civilizations. The term combines "xeno," meaning foreign or alien, with "archaeology," the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of material remains.
DUnit is a unit testing framework specifically designed for the Delphi programming language, which is often used for developing Windows applications. It provides developers with tools and methodologies to create and run automated tests for their Delphi applications. Key features of DUnit include: 1. **Test Organization**: DUnit allows developers to organize tests into test cases and test suites, making it easier to manage and execute sets of tests.
A "daily build" refers to a software development practice where the latest version of the software code is compiled and built on a daily basis. This process is typically part of a continuous integration (CI) system, where developers regularly integrate their code changes into a shared repository. Here are some key aspects of daily builds: 1. **Automated Process**: The daily build process is usually automated, allowing the system to pull the latest code from the repository and compile it without manual intervention.
Class-Responsibility-Collaboration (CRC) cards are a technique used in object-oriented design to help define and communicate the structure of a system by identifying the classes involved, their responsibilities, and how they collaborate with one another. The technique was introduced by Ward Cunningham and is used primarily during the early design phase of software development. ### Components of CRC Cards: 1. **Class Name**: The name of the class is typically written at the top of the card.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact