A **convex hull** is a fundamental concept in computational geometry. It can be defined as the smallest convex set that contains a given set of points in a Euclidean space. To visualize it, imagine stretching a rubber band around a set of points on a plane; when the band is released, it will form a shape that tightly encloses all the points. This shape is the convex hull of that set of points.

The conversion of temperature scales involves changing the temperature measurement from one scale to another, typically between Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). Here are the formulas for converting between these scales: 1. **Celsius to Fahrenheit**: \[ F = \left( C \times \frac{9}{5} \right) + 32 \] 2.

"Discoveries" is a book by Jean-Claude Merlin that delves into the world of scientific exploration and discoveries. It explores various scientific breakthroughs, innovations, and significant contributions across diverse fields. Jean-Claude Merlin, a researcher or writer by profession, aims to engage readers with captivating narratives that highlight the impact of these discoveries on society and human understanding.

Bond convexity is a measure of the curvature in the relationship between bond prices and bond yields. It builds upon the concept of duration, which measures the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates. While duration gives a linear approximation of price changes for small changes in yield, convexity provides a more accurate measure by accounting for the curvature in this relationship.

A convex polytope is a geometric object that exists in a finite-dimensional space (typically in Euclidean space). It is defined as the convex hull of a finite set of points, which means it is the smallest convex set that contains all those points.

The Mahler volume is a concept from the field of convex geometry and number theory. Specifically, it refers to a particular measure associated with a multi-dimensional geometric shape called a convex body. The Mahler volume \( M(K) \) of a convex body \( K \) in \( n \)-dimensional space is defined as the product of the volume of the convex body and the volume of its polar body.

In mathematics, particularly in the field of convex analysis, a **convex set** is defined as a subset \( C \) of a vector space such that, for any two points \( x \) and \( y \) in \( C \), the line segment connecting \( x \) and \( y \) is also entirely contained within \( C \).

In economics, convexity refers to the shape of a curve that represents a relationship between two variables, typically in the context of utility functions, production functions, or cost functions. The concept of convexity is crucial in understanding optimization problems, consumer behavior, and market dynamics. Here are some key points about convexity in economics: 1. **Utility Functions**: A utility function is said to be convex if it exhibits diminishing marginal utility.

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a ground-based astronomical observatory located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. It is primarily designed to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation—an afterglow from the Big Bang that carries important information about the early universe. **Key features and objectives of the ACT include:** 1.

The BOOMERanG experiment, which stands for "Balloon Observations of Millimeter Astrophysics for the Next Generation," was an astronomical experiment launched to study the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, which is the afterglow of the Big Bang. Specifically, it focused on measuring the anisotropies (tiny temperature fluctuations) in the CMB across different angular scales.

The Max Planck Institute for Iron Research, also known as the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung (MPIE), is a research institute located in Düsseldorf, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society, which is a prominent organization dedicated to conducting fundamental research in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a ground-based astronomical experiment designed to study the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation and investigate various aspects of cosmology, particularly the properties of dark energy and the inflationary period of the early universe. CLASS aims to map the CMB polarization patterns, which can provide valuable insights into the conditions of the early universe and the large-scale structure of the cosmos.

GroundBIRD (Ground-based Broadband Infrared Data) is a scientific project and instrument designed to study the universe by observing infrared radiation from celestial bodies. It is typically aimed at enhancing our understanding of astrophysical phenomena, such as star formation, galaxy evolution, and the properties of cosmic dust. GroundBIRD operates as a ground-based observatory and often utilizes advanced technologies to detect and analyze infrared wavelengths that are crucial for studying cooler and more distant astronomical objects.

QUaD, which stands for Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a strategic forum that involves four countries: the United States, Japan, India, and Australia. The dialogue aims to promote cooperation on regional security issues, economic challenges, and other mutual interests in the Indo-Pacific region. The QUaD initiative was initially established in 2007 but fell into relative inactivity for several years.

"Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum" is a phrase from the English fairy tale "Jack and the Beanstalk." It is famously associated with the giant who utters this chant as he senses the presence of Jack, the protagonist, who has climbed to the giant's castle in the sky. The phrase has become emblematic of the giant's presence and is often used in popular culture to evoke the idea of a threatening or menacing giant.

The Sky Polarization Observatory (SPO) is a scientific facility or initiative aimed at observing and studying the polarization of light in the sky, often focusing on astronomical phenomena. Polarization can provide valuable information about various cosmic objects and their properties, such as the morphology of interstellar dust, the magnetic field structures in space, and the nature of cosmic microwave background radiation.

The Tenerife Experiment, also known as the Tenerife Project, refers to a scientific study conducted in the 1980s and 1990s on the Canary Island of Tenerife. It focused on the effects of various observational and experimental interventions in urban settings, particularly in relation to schooling and educational systems. The project aimed to investigate how different educational strategies and contexts affect students' learning outcomes, behavior, and overall development.

CHICOS typically refers to the “Children’s Health and Nutrition Survey,” which is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding of child health and nutrition. It may focus on various aspects such as dietary habits, health status, and access to healthcare among children. However, "CHICOS" might also refer to specific programs or initiatives in different contexts, or it could be an acronym used in certain organizations or studies.

The Tunka experiment refers to a series of astroparticle physics experiments located in the Tunka Valley in Siberia, Russia. The primary focus of these experiments is on cosmic rays and the observation of high-energy particles in the atmosphere. The most notable is the Tunka-133 experiment, which is designed to detect extensive air showers (EAS) produced when high-energy cosmic rays interact with the Earth's atmosphere.

A neutron monitor is an instrument used to measure cosmic rays, particularly high-energy particles from space that interact with the Earth's atmosphere. These cosmic rays can include protons, electrons, and heavier nuclei, and when they collide with atoms in the atmosphere, they produce secondary particles, including neutrons. Neutron monitors have several key components and operate based on the principle of detecting these secondary neutrons.