BREACH (Browser Reconnaissance and Exfiltration via Adaptive Compression of Hypertext) is a security vulnerability that affects web applications. It specifically targets the way data is compressed before being sent over networks, which can inadvertently reveal sensitive information. Here's how it works: 1. **Compression Mechanism**: Many web applications compress HTTP responses to reduce the amount of data transmitted. This is often done using algorithms like DEFLATE.

Bitrate peeling is a technique used in video streaming and transmission that focuses on delivering video content at varying quality levels based on the viewer's available bandwidth. The fundamental idea behind bitrate peeling is to allow adaptive streaming, where the bitrate of the video stream can be adjusted dynamically to match the current network conditions of the user. The key features of bitrate peeling include: 1. **Adaptive Streaming**: It allows for smooth playback by adjusting the video quality in real time.

A compressed data structure is a data representation that uses techniques to reduce the amount of memory required to store and manipulate data while still allowing efficient access and operations on it. The primary goal of compressed data structures is to save space and potentially improve performance in data retrieval compared to their uncompressed counterparts. ### Characteristics of Compressed Data Structures: 1. **Space Efficiency**: They utilize various algorithms and techniques to minimize the amount of memory required for storage. This is particularly beneficial when dealing with large datasets.

Curve-fitting compaction typically refers to a method used in data analysis and modeling, particularly in contexts such as engineering, geotechnical analysis, or materials science. It involves the use of mathematical curves to represent and analyze the relationship between different variables, often to understand the behavior of materials under various conditions. In the context of compaction, particularly in soil mechanics or materials science, curve fitting could be applied to represent how a material's density varies with moisture content, compaction energy, or other parameters.

Delta encoding is a data compression technique that stores data as the difference (the "delta") between sequential data rather than storing the complete data set. This method is particularly effective in scenarios where data changes incrementally over time, as it can significantly reduce the amount of storage space needed by only recording changes instead of the entire dataset.

FELICS stands for "Federated Electronics Learning and Instructional Control System." It is a framework designed to facilitate and enhance the learning and instructional processes through technology. FELICS typically aims to integrate various electronic systems and tools to support educational objectives, improve the delivery of learning materials, and enable better communication between educators and learners.

Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression (MPPC) is a data compression protocol that is used primarily in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections. Introduced by Microsoft, MPPC is designed to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over a network by compressing data before it is sent over the connection. This can enhance the efficiency of the data transfer, leading to faster transmission times and reduced bandwidth usage, which can be particularly beneficial in scenarios such as dial-up connections.

The Move-to-Front (MTF) transform is a simple but effective data structure and algorithmic technique used primarily in various applications of data compression and information retrieval. The main idea behind the MTF transform is to reorder elements in a list based on their recent usage, which can improve efficiency in contexts where certain elements are accessed more frequently than others. ### How it Works: 1. **Initialization**: Start with an initial list of elements.

Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) is a statistical method used primarily in the field of data compression and modeling sequences. It is a type of predictive coding that utilizes the context of previously seen data to predict future symbols in a sequence. ### Key Features of PPM: 1. **Contextual Prediction**: PPM works by maintaining a history of the symbols that have been observed in a data stream.

Range coding is a form of entropy coding used in data compression, similar in purpose to arithmetic coding. It encodes a range of values based on the probabilities of the input symbols to create a more efficient representation of the data. The basic idea is to represent a sequence of symbols as a single number that falls within a specific range. ### How Range Coding Works: 1. **Probability Model**: Range coding relies on a probability model that assigns a probability to each symbol in the input data.

SDCH stands for "Shared Data Compression Header." It is a technology related to data compression and web communication, specifically developed for use with HTTP. The SDCH format allows web browsers and servers to negotiate and share compressed data more efficiently, helping to reduce the size of transmitted data and improve loading times for web pages. SDCH works by enabling the server to send a secondary header that informs the client about how to decode the compressed data.

Set redundancy compression refers to techniques used to reduce the size of data sets by eliminating redundancy within the data. This method aims to store the same information more efficiently, thereby minimizing the storage space required and improving the speed of data retrieval. ### Key Concepts of Set Redundancy Compression: 1. **Redundant Data:** In many datasets, particularly those containing large volumes of repeated elements or values, redundancy can occur.

Twin Vector Quantization (TVQ) is a technique used in the field of signal processing and data compression. It is a type of vector quantization that operates on pairs or groups of data points rather than individual data points, which can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the quantization process.

The Hi/Lo algorithm, often found in the context of card games or betting games, is a simple method used to gauge whether a player's guess about a card's value is higher or lower than the actual value of a hidden card. Here's a basic overview of how the Hi/Lo algorithm typically works: 1. **Setup**: A deck of cards (or a similar random value generator) is used. The actual card or value to be guessed is hidden from the player.

Query optimization is the process of improving the efficiency of a database query to enhance its performance. This involves analyzing the query and the underlying database structure to determine the most efficient way to execute the specified task, such as retrieving, updating, or deleting data. Here are some key aspects of query optimization: 1. **Execution Plans**: Database management systems (DBMS) generate execution plans to determine how a query will be run.

Video compression utilizes different picture types (or frame types) to reduce the size of video files while maintaining quality. The main picture types used in video compression, particularly in codecs like MPEG, H.264, and H.265, are: 1. **I-Frames (Intra-coded Frames)**: - These are the key frames in a video stream. - They are compressed independently of other frames, this means they contain all the information needed to display the frame.

File comparison is the process of analyzing two or more files to identify differences and similarities between them. This can be done for various types of files, including text documents, code files, binary files, images, and more. The goal of file comparison is to determine how files differ in terms of content, structure, and any other relevant attributes.

Xdelta is a software tool used for creating and applying binary delta (or patch) files. It is particularly useful for minimizing the size of updates or differences between files, which makes it efficient for software distribution, backups, and version control. Here are some key features and uses of Xdelta: 1. **Binary Comparison**: Xdelta compares binary files at a low level, which allows it to generate a delta file that represents the differences between two versions of a file.

The penny is a unit of currency in the British decimal system, which was introduced in 1971. It is worth one-hundredth of a British pound, making it equivalent to one pence. The coin features various designs, but the most well-known version depicts the head of Queen Elizabeth II on one side and a design reflecting British culture or heritage on the reverse side. The penny coin is made primarily from copper-plated steel as of recent minting practices.

Armstrong's axioms are a set of rules used in the field of database normalization, specifically within the context of functional dependencies in relational databases. They were introduced by William W. Armstrong in 1974 to provide a formal basis for reasoning about functional dependencies and to infer additional functional dependencies from a given set.