Amir Hamudi Hasan al-Sadi is an individual known in connection with the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. He was identified as a significant figure within the Iraqi government at the time of Saddam Hussein. Al-Sadi was notably involved in Iraq's military and security operations, particularly in relation to weapons programs.
Platinum has several isotopes, the most stable and naturally occurring ones being: 1. **Platinum-194 (^194Pt)**: This is the most abundant natural isotope of platinum, making up about 32% of natural platinum. 2. **Platinum-195 (^195Pt)**: This isotope accounts for approximately 34% of natural platinum. 3. **Platinum-196 (^196Pt)**: About 25% of natural platinum is in the form of this isotope.
Townsend discharge refers to the phenomenon in gas physics and electrical engineering where an electrical discharge occurs in a gas due to the ionization of gas particles. Named after the physicist J. S. Townsend, who studied the behavior of electric discharges in gases, this process is fundamental to understanding how gases can conduct electricity under certain conditions. In the Townsend discharge process, when a sufficiently high voltage is applied across two electrodes in a gas, free electrons are accelerated towards the positive electrode.
The term "Iraqi nuclear physicists" typically refers to scientists and researchers in Iraq who specialize in nuclear physics and related fields, including nuclear engineering, nuclear chemistry, and radiation science. Historically, Iraq has had a nuclear program, especially during the late 20th century, which aimed at developing nuclear technology for various purposes, including energy production and scientific research. This program was notably active during the regime of Saddam Hussein.
A carbon label is a label or certification that provides information about the carbon footprint of a product or service. It indicates the amount of greenhouse gases, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and other carbon compounds, that are emitted during the production, transportation, use, and disposal of that product or service. The goal of a carbon label is to inform consumers and businesses about the environmental impact of their choices, enabling them to make more sustainable decisions.
Bohrium (Bh) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 107. It was first synthesized in 1981 and is named after the physicist Niels Bohr. Currently, several isotopes of bohrium have been produced, but they are all radioactive and have relatively short half-lives. The most notable isotopes of bohrium include: 1. **Bohrium-262 (Bh-262)**: This isotope has a half-life of about 5.6 milliseconds.
Depleted zinc oxide (DZO) typically refers to a form of zinc oxide that has undergone a process to reduce the concentration of certain isotopes or impurities, particularly the radioactive isotopes of zinc. This process is often applied in various industrial and scientific applications. In the context of nuclear science, depleted zinc oxide can be used in radiation detection and shielding due to its favorable properties.
Californium (Cf) has several isotopes, of which the most notable are: 1. **Californium-252 (Cf-252)**: This isotope is one of the most prominent, with a half-life of about 2.645 years. It is a powerful neutron emitter and is used in various applications, including neutron radiography, chemotherapy, and as a neutron source in scientific research.
Darmstadtium is a synthetic element with the symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is part of the transactinide series of elements and was first synthesized in 1994. As of now, darmstadtium has no stable isotopes; all of its isotopes are radioactive.
Dubnium (Db) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 105. It has several known isotopes, most of which are highly radioactive and have relatively short half-lives. The most studied isotopes of dubnium include: 1. **Dubnium-263 (Db-263)**: This is the most stable isotope of dubnium, with a half-life of about 34 seconds. It decays primarily through alpha decay.
Actinium (Ac) has several isotopes, with the most notable being Actinium-227 and Actinium-228. Here are some details about its isotopes: 1. **Actinium-227 (Ac-227)**: - Half-life: About 21.77 years. - Decay mode: It decays to radium-223 via alpha decay.
Aluminium has several isotopes, but the most notable and stable isotopes are: 1. **Aluminium-26 (\(^26\text{Al}\))**: This is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 730,000 years. It is produced through cosmic ray interactions and is significant in astrophysical studies and in dating geological formations.
Americium (Am) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 95, and it has several isotopes. The most significant isotopes of americium are: 1. **Americium-241 (Am-241)**: This is the most commonly used isotope of americium. It has a half-life of about 432.2 years and is used in smoke detectors, certain types of radiation sources, and in some industrial applications.
Arsenic has several isotopes, with the most notable being: 1. **Arsenic-75 (As-75)**: This is the only stable isotope of arsenic and is the most abundant, making up about 100% of naturally occurring arsenic. 2. **Radioactive Isotopes**: Arsenic has several radioactive isotopes, which are not stable and decay over time.
Astatine is a radioactive element with the atomic number 85. It has several isotopes, most of which are unstable. The known isotopes of astatine range from Astatine-210 to Astatine-218, and they are primarily categorized by their mass numbers. The most significant isotopes include: 1. **Astatine-210 (At-210)**: This isotope has a half-life of about 8.
Beryllium has several isotopes, but the most significant ones are: 1. **Beryllium-7 (Be-7)**: This isotope has a mass number of 7 and is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 53.1 days. It is produced in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen and oxygen. Beryllium-7 decays by beta decay into lithium-7.
Flerovium (Fl) is a synthetic element with atomic number 114, and it is part of the superheavy elements in the periodic table. As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there are very few known isotopes of flerovium, primarily because it is extremely unstable and has a short half-life.
Vanadium, which has the atomic number 23, has several isotopes, with the most stable and well-known ones being: 1. **Vanadium-50 (⁵⁰V)**: This is the most abundant stable isotope, making up about 0.25% of natural vanadium. It has a mass number of 50 and is not radioactive.
Bromine has several isotopes, but the two most notable ones are: 1. **Bromine-79 (Br-79)**: This is the most stable and abundant isotope of bromine, making up about 50.5% of naturally occurring bromine. It has a half-life that is stable (not radioactive), and it consists of 35 protons and 44 neutrons.
Caesium (Cs) has several isotopes, with the most stable and commonly known ones being: 1. **Cs-133**: This is the most stable isotope of caesium and is used as the standard for the definition of the second in the International System of Units (SI). Cs-133 has a half-life of stable, meaning it does not undergo radioactive decay.
Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact