An Ohmic contact is a type of electrical contact that allows current to flow easily in both directions with minimal resistance. It is characterized by a linear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, which means that the current flowing through the contact is directly proportional to the applied voltage. This behavior is in contrast to rectifying contacts, which only allow current to flow in one direction.

Gerald Leroy Fowler appears to be a name that may not be widely recognized in popular or historical contexts. Without additional context or details, it is challenging to provide specific information about this individual.

The Langmuir adsorption model is a theoretical framework used to describe the adsorption of molecules onto solid surfaces. Developed by Irving Langmuir in the 1910s, this model is especially applicable for monolayer adsorption, where it is assumed that adsorption sites on the surface are uniform and that each site can hold only one adsorbate molecule.

The Larson–Miller relation is an empirical relationship used in materials science and engineering to estimate the high-temperature creep life of a material, particularly metals and alloys. It is particularly useful in predicting the time-to-fracture under conditions of both high temperature and stress.

The Lever Rule is a principle used in materials science and thermodynamics to determine the relative amounts of different phases in a two-phase system at equilibrium. It is particularly useful in the context of phase diagrams, such as binary alloy phase diagrams, where two phases coexist at a specific temperature and composition. The basic idea of the Lever Rule is based on the balance of masses between the two phases. When two phases are present, their compositions can be determined from the phase diagram.

Liquidus and solidus are terms used in materials science, particularly in phase diagrams and the study of phase transitions in substances, especially alloys and melts. 1. **Liquidus**: The liquidus is the temperature above which a material is entirely in the liquid state. Below this temperature, solid phases begin to form as the material cools. In a phase diagram, the liquidus line represents the boundary between the fully liquid phase and the mixture of liquid and solid phases.

There are several software tools available for modeling nanostructures that cater to various aspects like electronic properties, molecular dynamics, geometry optimization, and more. Here are some of the popular options: 1. **Quantum ESPRESSO**: An integrated suite for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling at the nanoscale based on density functional theory (DFT).

Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) is a surface analysis technique used to study the composition, structure, and properties of the outermost layers of solid materials. In LEIS, low-energy ions (typically in the range of a few keV) are directed at a sample surface. The interaction between the ions and the atoms in the surface leads to scattering events that can be analyzed to provide information about the surface composition and arrangement of atoms.

Martian regolith simulant is a synthetic material designed to mimic the physical and chemical properties of the surface soil found on Mars, known as Martian regolith. Scientists and researchers create these simulants to facilitate experiments and studies in various fields such as planetary science, astrobiology, and engineering for future Mars missions.

Material failure theory is a framework used to predict when materials will fail under various types of loads and conditions. It is critical in engineering and materials science, as understanding failure mechanisms helps in the design of safer and more reliable structures and components. The theory encompasses several models and criteria that describe how materials respond to stress and strain, ultimately leading to failure.

Machine Learning Potential (MLP) is a concept used in materials science and computational chemistry to model the potential energy surface of a system using machine learning techniques. It aims to provide an efficient and accurate way to estimate the interactions between atoms in a molecular or crystalline system without having to rely on traditional quantum mechanical calculations, which can be computationally expensive.

Nanotribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication at the nanoscale. It focuses on understanding the interactions and behaviors of materials at very small scales, typically at the level of nanometers. This field combines principles from physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering to analyze how different materials interact when in contact or sliding against each other.

A Newtonian material is a type of fluid that exhibits a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate. This means that the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid remains constant regardless of the flow conditions. In simpler terms, when a Newtonian fluid is subjected to stress, it deforms at a consistent rate, and its resistance to flow (viscosity) does not change with the rate of deformation.

Nickel titanium, often referred to as NiTi or Nitinol (a combination of nickel and titanium), is a metal alloy known for its unique properties, particularly its shape memory effect and superelasticity. Here’s a brief overview of its key characteristics and applications: ### Key Characteristics: 1. **Shape Memory Effect**: Nitinol can be deformed at one temperature but returns to its original, predetermined shape when heated above a certain temperature.

Material selection is the process of choosing appropriate materials for a specific application or product based on various criteria. It involves evaluating different materials based on their properties, performance, cost, availability, and environmental impact. The main objective of material selection is to ensure that the chosen materials meet the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical requirements of the application, while also being cost-effective and sustainable.

Materials informatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines materials science, data science, and computational methods to accelerate the discovery, development, and optimization of materials. It utilizes techniques from machine learning, data mining, and statistical analysis to analyze large datasets related to materials properties, structures, and performance. Key aspects of materials informatics include: 1. **Data Collection and Management**: Gathering and organizing extensive datasets from experiments, simulations, and existing literature.

A Maxwell material is a type of viscoelastic material that exhibits both viscous and elastic behavior when subjected to deformation. It is named after the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who developed a model to describe the complex behavior of materials that do not deform purely elastically (like rubber) or purely viscously (like honey).

Mechanically stimulated gas emission (MSGE) refers to the release of gases from materials or substances when they are subjected to mechanical forces, such as compression, tension, or shear. This phenomenon is often observed in various geological and environmental contexts, particularly in relation to the study of gas emissions from sediments, soils, or rock formations. In geological studies,MSGEs can be significant in understanding the behavior of gases, such as methane or carbon dioxide, that may be trapped within sediments or rocks.

Mesocrystals are a class of materials that are characterized by the ordered arrangement of nanoscale building blocks, typically formed by the self-assembly of nanoparticles. Unlike traditional crystals, which have a periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules throughout their entire structure, mesocrystals exhibit a hierarchical organization. This means that they consist of smaller crystallites or nanoparticles that are themselves ordered, but the overall arrangement can exhibit different properties compared to a single crystalline solid.

Micromeritics refers to the study of the physical and chemical properties of small particles, particularly those in the micrometer and sub-micrometer range. This field encompasses the analysis of particle size, shape, surface area, porosity, density, and other characteristics that can affect the behavior and performance of materials in various applications. Micromeritics is important in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, materials science, catalysis, and food science.