Post's theorem, named after Emil Post, is a result in the field of mathematical logic and computability theory. It specifically deals with the properties of recursively enumerable sets, particularly in the context of formal languages and decision problems. The theorem states that: **"For any countable set of recursive (or computable) functions, there exists a recursively enumerable set that captures all the functions from the set.

Bid shading is a strategy often used in auction markets, particularly in the context of online advertising and real-time bidding (RTB) environments. It refers to the practice where bidders intentionally lower their bids from the maximum price they are willing to pay in order to increase their expected return on investment (ROI) or efficiency of their ad spend.

Tarski's undefinability theorem is a result in mathematical logic that deals with the concept of truth within formal languages. Named after the logician Alfred Tarski, the theorem asserts that the notion of truth cannot be defined within a sufficiently expressive formal language that can express arithmetic truths about itself.

Bidding is the process of making an offer to purchase or secure a product, service, or asset, often in a competitive environment. It is commonly used in various contexts, including auctions, procurement, real estate, and online platforms. Here are a few key aspects of bidding: 1. **Types of Bidding**: - **Open bidding**: Participants can see others' bids, and it often continues until no higher bids are placed.

Shashi and Ravi Ruia are prominent Indian businessmen and industrialists known for their significant contributions to the Indian business landscape, particularly through their involvement in the Essar Group. The Essar Group is a multinational conglomerate with interests in sectors such as steel, power, oil and gas, telecommunications, and infrastructure. The brothers co-founded the Essar Group in the 1960s, and under their leadership, the group grew into one of India's largest and most influential corporate entities.

Ariel Rubinstein is an Israeli economist and game theorist known for his significant contributions to the fields of economics and game theory. He has worked on various topics including rationality, bargaining, and strategic interactions. Rubinstein is also recognized for his role in the development of concepts such as extensive-form games and perfect equilibrium. In addition to his academic work, he has published extensively and has been involved in discussions about the foundations of economic theory and the implications of game theory in real-world scenarios.

Robin Farquharson does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure or a prominent entity based on available information up to October 2023. It is possible that he could be a private individual or a lesser-known person in a specific field.

Thomas Schelling (1921-2021) was an American economist and Nobel laureate known for his work in game theory, bargaining, and strategic decision-making. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2005 for his analysis of conflict and cooperation through game-theoretic concepts. Schelling's most notable contributions include his work on the dynamics of segregation in societies, as outlined in his influential book "Micromotives and Macrobehavior," published in 1978.

The Ultimatum Game is a classic experiment in economics and psychology that demonstrates the concepts of fairness, negotiation, and decision-making in social situations. It involves two players: 1. **The Proposer**: This player is given a specific amount of money (or another resource) and makes an offer on how to split that amount with the second player.

A bimatrix game is a type of game in game theory that involves two players, each of whom has a finite set of strategies. The outcomes of their choices are represented in the form of a matrix (or two matrices) that captures the payoffs for each combination of strategies chosen by the players. In a bimatrix game, the strategies of the two players can be represented as follows: - Player 1's strategies are represented in one matrix (let's call it Matrix A).

Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) is a concept in game theory used to model decision-making under uncertainty, particularly in situations where players may not choose their strategies purely rationally. The idea is that players will respond probabilistically to their payoffs, reflecting some level of bounded rationality or cognitive limitations. In traditional Nash Equilibrium, players choose their strategies to maximize their payoffs given the strategies of others, assuming that they make fully rational decisions.

"Co-opetition" is a business strategy concept that combines elements of cooperation and competition, and it is also the title of a book written by Adam M. Brandenburger and Barry J. Nalebuff, published in 1996. The authors introduce the idea that companies can benefit from cooperating with each other while still maintaining competitive edges. The book outlines how businesses can create value in markets by understanding and managing the interplay between cooperative and competitive strategies.

An N-player game is a type of strategic game in which multiple players (N) participate, each making decisions that can affect not only their own outcomes but also the outcomes of other players. These games can involve various strategies, rules, and objectives, and they can be either cooperative or competitive in nature. Key characteristics of N-player games include: 1. **Multiple Players**: The game involves more than two players, with "N" representing the number of players involved.

Bertrand competition is a model of competition among firms that sell identical or homogeneous products. It is named after the French economist Joseph Bertrand, who introduced this concept in the 19th century. The key features of Bertrand competition include: 1. **Price Competition**: In this model, firms compete primarily by setting prices rather than quantities. Each firm assumes that its competitors' prices will remain stable while it changes its own price.

A repeated game is a standard concept in game theory where a specific game (usually a stage game) is played multiple times by the same players. This can involve either a fixed number of repetitions (finite repeated game) or an indefinite number of repetitions (infinite repeated game). ### Key Characteristics of Repeated Games: 1. **Stage Game**: The repeated game is based on a single, well-defined game, often involving decisions that players must make simultaneously.

"Sir Philip Sidney game" typically refers to a classic board game, often called "Sidney's Game" or "The Game of Sidney," which is centered around the literary contributions of Sir Philip Sidney, a prominent English poet, and courtier of the Elizabethan era. However, it’s worth noting that there isn't a well-known board game that directly bears his name in contemporary contexts.

The Banach game, also known as the Banach-Mazur game, is a two-player game that arises in the field of set-theoretical topology and functional analysis. The game is named after mathematicians Stefan Banach and Juliusz Mazur, who studied related concepts in the early 20th century.

A **biconnected graph** (or **bi-connected graph**) is a type of connected graph with a specific structural property related to its vertices and edges. In the context of graph theory, a biconnected graph is defined as follows: 1. **Connectivity**: A biconnected graph is a connected graph. This means there is a path between any two vertices in the graph.

Video game gameplay refers to the interactive experience provided by a video game, encompassing the mechanics, rules, challenges, and player actions within the game environment. It includes how players interact with the game, the objectives they must achieve, and the feedback they receive from the game in response to their actions. Here are some key elements that define gameplay: 1. **Mechanics**: These are the rules and systems that govern how the game operates.

The Impulse-based Turn System is a gaming mechanic often used in tabletop role-playing games (RPGs) and certain video games to manage turn order and actions during gameplay. This system emphasizes the spontaneity and dynamism of player actions rather than adhering strictly to a predetermined turn order. ### Key Features: 1. **Impulse Points**: Players may have a pool of points that they can spend to take actions in a turn.