Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by the elevated force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is typically expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded with two measurements: systolic and diastolic pressure. - **Systolic pressure** is the higher number, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood.

Blue-cone monochromacy (BCM) is a rare genetic condition that affects color vision. It is a type of cone monochromacy, a form of color vision deficiency where only one type of cone photoreceptor is functioning. In the case of blue-cone monochromacy, individuals primarily have functional short-wavelength-sensitive cones, or blue cones, while the long-wavelength-sensitive cones (red) and medium-wavelength-sensitive cones (green) are absent or non-functional.

The term "retinal mosaic" can have a couple of interpretations depending on the context, but it generally refers to the organization or arrangement of retinal cells in a way that can resemble a mosaic pattern. 1. **Retinal Cells and Tiling**: In the context of retinal structure, the term can describe the spatial arrangement of different types of retinal neurons, such as photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical diagnostic technique that records electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. These electrodes detect and measure the electrical impulses produced by neuronal activity. EEG is useful for diagnosing various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors, as well as for monitoring brain activity during surgeries or in intensive care settings. The recorded data is displayed as waveforms and can be analyzed for patterns that may indicate abnormal brain activity.

The Krogh model refers to a mathematical model used in physiology to describe the transport of substances across biological membranes, particularly in the context of capillary exchange in tissues. Named after Danish physiologist August Krogh, who conducted important research on respiratory and circulatory physiology, the model helps elucidate how oxygen and other nutrients are delivered from blood to tissues, and how waste products are removed.

A time series is a sequence of data points recorded or measured at successive points in time, typically at uniform intervals. It is a common method in statistics and various fields, such as finance, economics, environmental science, and engineering, for analyzing trends, patterns, and behaviors of data over time. Key characteristics of time series data include: 1. **Temporal Order**: The data points are ordered chronologically. Each observation has a timestamp, and the order matters.

Operations research societies are professional organizations dedicated to the field of operations research (OR), which involves applying mathematical, statistical, and analytical methods to help make better decisions and solve complex problems in various domains, including business, engineering, logistics, healthcare, and more. These societies typically aim to advance the theory and practice of operations research by: 1. **Promoting Research**: Encouraging and disseminating research in operations research methodologies and applications.

The Fairfield Experiment, also known as the "Fairfield Project," refers to a well-documented series of experiments in the realm of parapsychology and psychic phenomena. While the details can vary based on the specific sources, the term is commonly associated with attempts to scientifically investigate and measure psychic abilities, such as telepathy, psychokinesis, and other related phenomena.

ICORES stands for the International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems. It is typically an academic and professional event that focuses on the intersection of operations research (OR) and the methodologies and frameworks that are involved in enterprise systems. Conferences like ICORES provide a platform for researchers, practitioners, and students to discuss the latest developments, share research findings, explore new methodologies, and network with others in related fields.

Optimal maintenance refers to the strategic approach to maintaining equipment, machinery, or systems in a way that maximizes their performance, lifespan, and reliability while minimizing costs and downtime. This concept can apply across various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and facilities management. Here are some key aspects of optimal maintenance: 1. **Predictive Maintenance**: Utilizing data analysis and monitoring technologies to predict when maintenance should be performed, allowing for interventions before failures occur.

Mathematical theorems in theoretical computer science are formal statements that have been proven based on a set of axioms and definitions within the realm of computer science. They often involve concepts from mathematics, logic, algorithms, complexity, automata theory, and other related fields. Theorems are essential for establishing foundational principles and for understanding the limits of computation.

A semantic reasoner is a type of software that applies reasoning techniques to draw conclusions from a set of facts or statements organized in a formal structure, often defined by ontologies or knowledge bases. It operates within the realm of semantic web technologies and artificial intelligence, helping to infer new knowledge from existing data.

"The Engine" can refer to different things depending on the context. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **Mechanical Engine**: In the simplest terms, it may refer to any machine that converts energy into mechanical motion, such as an internal combustion engine in vehicles or a steam engine. 2. **The Engine (Tech/Software)**: In technology, it might refer to a specific software engine, such as a game engine (e.g., Unreal Engine, Unity) or a database engine.

Error tolerance in the context of PAC (Probably Approximately Correct) learning relates to the ability of a learning algorithm to produce a hypothesis that is approximately correct with respect to a certain error rate. PAC learning is a framework introduced by Leslie Valiant in 1984 to formalize the concept of learning from examples in a statistical sense. In PAC learning, the goal is to learn a target function (or concept) from a set of training examples that are drawn from a probability distribution.

In mathematics, the term "extractor" usually refers to a specific type of function or algorithm used in the context of complexity theory and probability theory, particularly in the field of pseudorandomness. An extractor is a function that takes a weakly random input (often a "source" of random bits that is not perfectly random) and produces a shorter output that is statistically close to a uniform distribution.

Formal methods are mathematical techniques and tools used for specifying, developing, and verifying software and hardware systems. These methods provide a rigorous framework for ensuring that systems meet their intended requirements and behave correctly. They are particularly useful in safety-critical applications, such as aerospace, automotive, medical devices, and telecommunications, where failures can have severe consequences. Key aspects of formal methods include: 1. **Mathematical Specification**: Formal methods use mathematical logic to create precise specifications of system behavior.