André Bandrauk is a notable figure in the field of chemistry, specifically recognized for his contributions to theoretical chemistry and quantum mechanics. He is known for his research on the dynamics of molecular systems, particularly involving ultrafast processes and the interaction of light with matter. Bandrauk's work often explores how molecular behavior can be understood and predicted using advanced mathematical and computational techniques.

Alice E. Shapley is a notable figure in the field of mathematics and statistics, particularly known for her contributions to game theory and the Shapley value, which is an essential concept in cooperative game theory. The Shapley value, introduced by her father, Lloyd Shapley, is a way to fairly distribute the gains or payouts among players based on their individual contributions to the total value of the coalition. In addition to her work in game theory, Alice E.

R. Stanley Williams is a prominent American scientist known for his work in the fields of nanotechnology and electronics, particularly in the development of nanoscale materials and devices. He is most recognized for his contributions to the field of memristors, which are non-volatile memory elements that can store information based on the history of voltage applied to them.

Amy Barger is an astrophysicist and professor known for her research in the field of astronomy, particularly in areas like galaxy formation and evolution, cosmology, and the study of dark matter. She has contributed to our understanding of the structure and behavior of galaxies, and her work often involves the use of observational data to test theoretical models of the universe.

Andrew Peter Mackenzie is a notable figure, primarily recognized for his role in the business and mining sectors. He served as the CEO of BHP Billiton, one of the world's largest mining companies, from 2013 until his retirement in 2020. Mackenzie has a background in geology and has held various technical and leadership roles throughout his career, including positions at companies like BP and the UK-based oil and gas company, Schlumberger.

In graph theory, a **bramble** is a concept used to describe a certain type of structure in a graph related to covering and dominating sets. Specifically, a bramble is a collection of subsets of vertices that captures the idea of a "tangled" set of vertices that cannot be separated from each other without removing some edges from the graph.

In graph theory, the term "intersection number" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. However, it is most commonly associated with two specific usages: 1. **Intersection Number of a Graph**: This is the minimum number of intersections in a planar drawing of a graph. A graph is drawn in the plane such that its edges do not intersect except at their endpoints. The intersection number can be an important characteristic when studying the embedding of graphs on surfaces or in understanding their topological properties.

In graph theory, a periodic graph typically refers to a graph that exhibits a certain kind of regularity or repetition in its structure. Although "periodic graph" is not a standard term with a universally accepted definition, it often relates to graphs that have a periodicity in their vertex arrangement or edge connections. For example, a periodic graph can be understood in the context of cellular structures or tessellations, where the graph is invariant under specific transformations, such as translations, rotations, or reflections.

A sparsity matroid is a specific type of combinatorial structure that arises in the study of graphs and optimization, particularly in the context of network flows, cuts, and efficient algorithms for various combinatorial problems.

Halin's Grid Theorem is a result in graph theory that describes the structure of certain infinite graphs. Specifically, it focuses on a type of infinite graph known as a "grid" graph, which is a graph that resembles a two-dimensional grid or lattice. Halin's theorem provides conditions under which such infinite grid graphs can be embedded into three-dimensional space without crossings.

The disjoint union of graphs is a concept in graph theory that combines two or more graphs into a new graph in such a way that the original graphs do not share any vertices or edges. Here's how it works: 1. **Graphs Involved**: Suppose you have two or more graphs \( G_1, G_2, \ldots, G_n \).

The Goldberg–Coxeter construction is a method used in geometry, particularly in the study of polyhedra and polyhedral structures. It provides a systematic way to generate a class of convex polyhedra, particularly those that can be described as geometric realizations of certain types of combinatorial structures known as "spherical polyhedra.

"Internet Plus" is a concept that originates from China, introduced by the Chinese government in 2015. It refers to the integration of the Internet with various sectors of the economy and society to foster innovation and enhance efficiency. The idea behind Internet Plus is to leverage the capabilities of the Internet — such as data connectivity, big data, cloud computing, and mobile technologies — to improve traditional industries and stimulate new modes of production and consumption.

An **eternal dominating set** is a concept from graph theory, particularly in the study of domination in graphs. The idea revolves around the ability to monitor or control the vertices of a graph over time, adapting to changes such as the removal of vertices.

Xcode is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) developed by Apple Inc. that is used for creating software applications for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. It includes a suite of tools designed to facilitate various aspects of software development, such as: 1. **Code Editor**: Xcode provides a powerful code editor with syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging capabilities, as well as support for programming languages such as Swift, Objective-C, and C++.

ALIWEB, which stands for "Archie-Like Indexing for the WEB," is one of the earliest search engines created to index the World Wide Web. Developed in 1993, ALIWEB allowed website owners to submit their own site descriptions, which would then be indexed and made searchable. Unlike later search engines that relied heavily on crawlers to index web pages, ALIWEB depended on a more manual input method for gathering data about websites.

Internet outages are periods when internet services are unavailable or significantly disrupted. These outages can affect individuals, businesses, or entire regions. Common causes include: 1. **Technical Issues:** Problems with hardware or software, such as router failures, server malfunctions, or issues in the network infrastructure. 2. **Natural Disasters:** Events like hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods can damage physical infrastructure, making it difficult or impossible to maintain internet service.

"Internet pioneers" refers to the individuals and groups who played a significant role in the development, creation, and expansion of the internet and its associated technologies. This term encompasses a wide array of people, including researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, and visionaries who contributed to the foundational elements of the internet.

The Carna botnet is a network of compromised computers that was used for unauthorized scanning of devices connected to the internet. It was discovered in 2012 and is primarily known for its large-scale surveillance of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other devices. The botnet was named after the project "Carna" which was created by a group of researchers who used it to conduct a study on the security and prevalence of various devices on the internet.