The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is a formal method for the specification, development, and verification of computer-based systems. It originated in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Vienna, Austria, particularly through the work of researchers like Jean-Raymond Abrial. VDM is particularly focused on providing a rigorous framework for the description of complex systems, allowing for formal reasoning about their properties.

Complete theory is a concept from model theory, a branch of mathematical logic. In this context, a theory \( T \) in a given language \( L \) is said to be complete if every statement (or sentence) in the language \( L \) is either provably true or provably false from the axioms of the theory \( T \).

A **Banach bundle** is a mathematical structure that generalizes the concept of a vector bundle where the fibers are not merely vector spaces but complete normed spaces, specifically Banach spaces. To understand the definition and properties of a Banach bundle, let’s break it down: 1. **Base Space**: Like any bundle, a Banach bundle has a base space, which is typically a topological space. This is commonly denoted by \( B \).

In mathematics, a caustic refers to a curve or surface that is generated by the envelope of light rays refracted or reflected by a surface, such as a lens or mirror. The term is often used in optics, particularly in the study of how light behaves when it interacts with curved surfaces.

"Lists of speeches" typically refer to compilations or collections of notable speeches given by various individuals throughout history. These lists can serve various purposes, such as providing inspiration, education, or reference for particular themes or events. They often include speeches from politicians, activists, leaders, and public figures, ranging from famous to lesser-known speeches.

"Formes fixes" is a term primarily associated with a particular style of composition in French music of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, particularly in secular vocal music. It refers to established forms or fixed patterns that composers would use to craft their works, particularly in the context of chanson and other polyphonic forms. The concept of formes fixes includes several standardized poetic and musical structures.

Impromptu debate is a type of debate where participants are given a short amount of time to prepare and present their arguments on a topic, often immediately after the topic is announced. This format tests both the debaters' ability to think quickly and articulate their thoughts coherently under pressure. Typically, participants may receive a prompt or resolution about which they must argue either for or against, and they usually have only a few minutes to prepare their speeches before presenting them to an audience or judges.

Comedy hip hop is a subgenre of hip hop music that incorporates humor, satire, and comedic themes into its lyrics and performances. Artists in this genre often use clever wordplay, funny storytelling, and over-the-top characters to entertain their audience while also addressing social issues, relationships, and everyday life in a humorous way. Key features of comedy hip hop include: 1. **Humorous Lyrics**: The lyrics often contain jokes, puns, and playful language that evoke laughter.

"Spoudaiogeloion" is a term from ancient Greek that translates roughly to "seriousness and joking" or "the serious and the comic." It is often associated with the idea of blending the serious and the humorous in literature and drama. The term is notably linked to the works of the philosopher Aristotle, particularly in his discussions on poetics and the nature of tragedy and comedy.

The accuracy paradox is a phenomenon that occurs in the evaluation of classification models, particularly in imbalanced datasets, where a model may achieve high accuracy despite performing poorly in detecting the minority class. Here's how it works: 1. **Imbalanced Classes**: In many real-world datasets, one class may significantly outnumber another. For example, in a medical diagnosis model for a rare disease, there could be 95% healthy individuals and only 5% who have the disease.

Freedman's paradox is a concept in statistics and economics that highlights a seemingly counterintuitive result related to the correlation between two variables that are influenced by a third variable. Specifically, it often relates to the issue of marginal vs. conditional relationships. The paradox demonstrates that when examining the relationship between two variables (let's call them A and B), the inclusion of a third variable (C), which is correlated with both A and B, can significantly alter the observed relationship between A and B.

Felix Tarasenko does not appear to be a widely recognized figure or concept as of my last update in October 2023. It's possible that he could refer to a private individual, a less public character, or a term arising after my last update.

"Singaporean statisticians" refers to individuals from Singapore who specialize in the field of statistics. This includes professionals and academics who engage in the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. Statisticians in Singapore may work in various sectors, including government agencies, private companies, academia, healthcare, and research institutions.

Mikhail Kravchuk is a prominent figure in the field of mathematics, particularly known for his contributions to combinatorial mathematics and mathematical analysis.

Asymptote can refer to two primary concepts: one in mathematics and the other as a programming language for technical graphics. 1. **Mathematical Concept**: In mathematics, an asymptote is a line that a curve approaches as it heads towards infinity. Asymptotes can be horizontal, vertical, or oblique (slant). They represent the behavior of a function as the input or output becomes very large or very small.

Raoul Bricard (1880–1950) was a notable French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, best known for his contributions to the understanding of mental health and psychoanalysis in the early to mid-20th century. He was affiliated with the Paris Psychoanalytic Society and worked alongside prominent figures in the field. Bricard's work focused on the intersections of psychoanalysis, psychopathology, and the dynamics of human relationships.

Compactness is a concept used in various fields, including geography, urban planning, and mathematics, to describe how closely related the parts of a shape, area, or object are to one another. This measure is often used to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of land use, urban design, and resource distribution. In geographical and urban planning contexts, compactness can refer to the shape and spatial arrangement of a city or neighborhood.

A Casson handle is a mathematical concept used in the field of 3-manifold topology, specifically in the study of 3-manifolds and their structures. To understand what a Casson handle is, it's essential to first understand its role in manifolds and handle decompositions. In topology, a *handle* is a basic building block used to construct manifolds.

Kostant's convexity theorem is a result in the field of representation theory and geometry, specifically relating to the representation of Lie groups and the geometry of their associated symmetric spaces. The theorem is named after Bertram Kostant, who made significant contributions to these areas. In essence, Kostant's convexity theorem states that for a compact Lie group \( G \) and a certain class of representations, the image of the highest weight map is a convex polytope in the weight space.

The complex projective plane, denoted as \(\mathbb{CP}^2\), is a fundamental object in complex geometry and algebraic geometry. It can be understood as a two-dimensional projective space over the field of complex numbers \(\mathbb{C}\).