Duqu is a type of malware that was discovered in 2011 and is associated with sophisticated cyber espionage activities. It is believed to be linked to the same group responsible for the Stuxnet worm, which targeted Iran's nuclear facilities. Duqu functions primarily as a framework for collecting information from infected systems. Its architecture allows it to communicate with its command and control servers to exfiltrate data.

Impossible differential cryptanalysis is a type of cryptanalysis that targets symmetric-key ciphers, particularly block ciphers. It exploits specific properties of the cipher’s structure and its round functions to find key candidates that lead to a contradiction in the expected behavior of the cipher.

The EFF DES cracker refers to a project carried out by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in the late 1990s to demonstrate the vulnerabilities of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher. The project culminated in the construction of a custom-built hardware device specifically designed to break DES encryption by brute force.

A key-recovery attack is a type of cryptographic attack in which an adversary aims to recover a secret key used in a cryptographic algorithm. This type of attack can be applied to various encryption schemes, including symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. The goal of the attack is to find the key without directly breaking the encryption, allowing the attacker to decrypt messages or forge signatures.

The Lucky Thirteen attack is a vulnerability found in the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol, specifically affecting implementations of TLS that utilize certain block cipher modes of operation, particularly those related to the handling of padding. The attack was revealed in 2013 and exploits how the protocol manages the timing of when encrypted data is processed during a session.

Microsoft Office password protection is a security feature integrated into Microsoft Office applications (such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) that allows users to restrict access to their documents and files by requiring a password. This feature helps to ensure that only authorized users can view or edit the content of a file, making it useful for protecting sensitive information.