Lifelong Planning A* (LPA*) is an extension of the A* search algorithm that is designed to efficiently plan over an extended horizon, particularly in dynamic environments where changes can occur during the planning process. The key features of LPA* include: 1. **Incremental Replanning**: Unlike traditional A*, which recalculates paths from scratch, LPA* updates existing paths based on changes in the environment.

In the context of game theory, specifically when analyzing game trees, "variation" refers to the different possible sequences of moves or play that can occur in a game. Each variation represents a unique path through the game tree, which is a visual representation of the possible moves in a game from the initial state to all potential outcomes. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Game Tree**: A game tree is a branching diagram that illustrates the sequential moves in a game.

3D security, in the context of digital transactions, often refers to "3-D Secure," a security protocol designed to enhance the security of online credit and debit card transactions. The protocol aims to reduce fraud and provide a safer online shopping experience by adding an additional layer of authentication during the payment process.

The Null-move heuristic is an optimization technique used in search algorithms, particularly in game tree search applications like those found in chess and other strategy games. Its primary purpose is to reduce the number of nodes evaluated during the search process by skipping certain moves and using the result to prune the search tree effectively.

"Nuts and bolts" in the context of general relativity typically refers to the fundamental concepts, principles, and mathematical tools that form the foundation of the theory. General relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein in 1915, is a cornerstone of modern physics that describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.

A pendulum in mechanics is a weight (or bob) attached to a fixed point by a string or rod that swings back and forth under the influence of gravity. The simple pendulum is characterized by its motion that follows a periodic path, making it a classic example in physics for studying oscillatory motion.

Poisson's equation is a fundamental partial differential equation in mathematical physics that relates the distribution of a scalar potential field to its sources. It is commonly used in electrostatics, gravitational theory, and fluid dynamics.

A **propagator** is a concept used in various fields, particularly in physics and mathematics, with specific meanings depending on the context: 1. **Quantum Field Theory (QFT)**: In the context of quantum field theory, a propagator is a mathematical function that describes the behavior of particles as they propagate from one point to another in spacetime. It essentially provides a mechanism to account for the interactions and effects of fields and particles.

The three-body problem is a classic problem in physics and mathematics that involves predicting the motion of three celestial bodies as they interact with one another through gravitational forces. The challenge of the three-body problem arises from the fact that while the gravitational interactions between two bodies can be described by simple equations (the two-body problem), adding a third body leads to a complex and chaotic system that generally cannot be solved analytically.

The Udwadia–Kalaba formulation is a mathematical framework used in the field of mechanics, particularly in the study of constrained motion. It was developed by a pair of researchers, Satya P. Udwadia and D. D. Kalaba, in the late 20th century. This formulation provides a powerful and systematic approach for analyzing the dynamics of mechanical systems with constraints, which can be holonomic or non-holonomic.

Bacterial growth refers to the increase in the number of bacteria in a population over time. This process involves several key aspects, which can be described in the context of microbial biology: 1. **Binary Fission**: Bacteria primarily reproduce through a process called binary fission, where a single bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process involves the replication of the bacterial DNA and the subsequent division of the cell's cytoplasm.

An auscultatory gap is a phenomenon observed during the measurement of blood pressure. It refers to a temporary disappearance of Korotkoff sounds between systolic and diastolic pressures when using a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) and a stethoscope.

Continuous noninvasive arterial pressure (CNAP) is a technique used to continuously monitor a patient's blood pressure without the need for invasive procedures, such as arterial catheterization. This technology typically employs advanced algorithms and devices that use oscillometric measurement methods or photoplethysmography to provide real-time blood pressure readings.

Color constancy is a feature of the visual system that ensures the perceived color of an object remains relatively constant under varying lighting conditions. This means that even if the illumination changes (due to different light sources or times of day), the color of the object appears to the observer as the same. The brain processes the colors we see by taking into account the color of the light illuminating the objects, allowing us to perceive the colors of those objects more consistently.

The history of continuous noninvasive arterial pressure measurement is marked by significant advancements in technology and methodology, aimed at improving the accuracy and reliability of blood pressure monitoring without the need for invasive procedures. Here is an overview of its development: ### Early Concepts 1.

The Median Lethal Dose, commonly abbreviated as LD50, is a standard measure used in toxicology to quantify the toxicity of a substance. Specifically, it represents the dose of a substance that is expected to cause death in 50% of a defined animal population after a specified period of exposure. The LD50 is typically expressed in terms of mass of the substance per body mass of the test subjects (e.g.

"Virtual babies" typically refer to digital simulations or applications that allow users to care for and interact with a virtual infant or child. These can come in various forms, including: 1. **Mobile Apps**: There are many apps available for smartphones and tablets that simulate the experience of raising a baby. Users manage tasks such as feeding, diaper changing, and soothing the baby, often with the aim of teaching responsibility or offering a fun interactive experience.

Mathematical optimization in business refers to the use of mathematical methods and techniques to find the best possible solution or outcome for a given problem, subject to certain constraints. It involves formulating problems in a way that allows for the application of mathematical models to identify optimal solutions that can improve business performance. Here are some key aspects of mathematical optimization in business: 1. **Objective Function**: This is the function that needs to be maximized or minimized.

"Asiatic style" is a term that can refer to various forms of art, architecture, fashion, or cultural expression that originate from or are influenced by Asian cultures.

The EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics is an academic journal that focuses on research related to various aspects of transportation and logistics. It is part of the EURO (the Association of European Operational Research Societies) series of journals, which are aimed at disseminating high-quality research in operational research and related fields. The journal publishes original research articles, case studies, and review papers that contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of transportation systems, logistics management, supply chain issues, and related areas.