(230965) 2004 XA192 is an asteroid that is part of the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered in 2004 and is classified as a near-Earth object (NEO) due to its orbit bringing it relatively close to Earth's path around the Sun.

(455502) 2003 UZ413 is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) and a member of the Kuiper Belt, which is a region of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune that is populated with many small icy bodies. This specific object was discovered in 2003 and is classified as a centaur due to its size and characteristics.

(472271) 2014 UM33 is an asteroid that belongs to the main belt of asteroids in our solar system. It was discovered in October 2014, and it is classified as a member of the "Jupiter trojans" due to its orbital characteristics. Asteroids like 2014 UM33 are of interest to scientists because they can provide insights into the early solar system's conditions and the formation of planetary bodies.

(523674) 2013 MA12 is a near-Earth object (NEO), specifically categorized as an asteroid. It is part of the Apollo group of asteroids, which have orbits that cross Earth's orbit. The designation includes the year of its discovery (2013) and a unique numerical identifier (MA12) assigned during the cataloging process.

(527603) 2007 VJ305 is a classified asteroid that is part of the main belt of asteroids in our solar system. Identified by the Minor Planet Center, it was discovered in 2007. Like many asteroids, it can provide valuable information about the early solar system since they are considered remnants from the formation of the solar system approximately 4.6 billion years ago.

(78799) 2002 XW93 is a numerical designation for a specific asteroid that is part of the asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This asteroid was discovered in 2002 and received a provisional designation before being assigned a permanent number, 78799. Asteroids like 2002 XW93 are studied for various reasons, including their composition, size, and potential risk they might pose to Earth.

Pancake ice refers to a type of ice formation found on the surface of water bodies, typically in cold regions. It consists of rounded, flat pieces of ice that resemble pancakes, hence the name. This phenomenon usually occurs in the early stages of ice formation, where ice crystals break and then re-freeze into these disc-like shapes as wind and water movement cause them to bump into each other.

Rotten ice refers to a particular condition of ice that occurs when it becomes weak, unstable, or compromised due to factors such as melting, deterioration, or water saturation. This type of ice can appear slushy or has a crumbling texture, indicating that it is no longer solid or safe for activities such as walking, skating, or snowmobiling. The term can also describe ice that has been affected by warm weather or when water seeps into cracks and freezes, creating a less stable structure.

Sea ice microbial communities refer to the diverse assemblages of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and microalgae, that inhabit and thrive within the sea ice environment. These communities play crucial roles in the polar ecosystems, as they are integral to biogeochemical processes and contribute to the overall productivity of the marine food web.

A bimorph is a type of actuator or sensor that consists of two layers of materials with different expansion properties, typically bonded together. When an electrical voltage is applied across the bimorph structure, the difference in expansion or contraction between the two materials causes the bimorph to bend or deform. This principle is often used in applications like piezoelectric devices, where the bimorph can convert electrical energy into mechanical motion or vice versa.

Backscatter refers to the phenomenon where radiation, particles, or waves that are emitted or transmitted from a source are reflected or scattered back toward the source or in other directions. It can occur in various contexts, including physics, telecommunications, and imaging systems. Here are a few specific contexts in which backscatter is commonly discussed: 1. **Physics and Particle Physics**: In particle physics, backscatter refers to the deflection of particles, such as electrons or photons, when they collide with matter.

The Rayleigh–Gans approximation is a theoretical framework used in scattering theory, particularly to analyze how electromagnetic waves scatter off small particles. It is an extension of the Rayleigh scattering theory, which applies primarily to particles whose size is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light.

Transport length typically refers to the effective length of a medium or system that affects the movement or transport of a particular quantity, such as mass, energy, or charge. The specific meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few examples of how "transport length" might be applied in different fields: 1. **Physics**: In the context of particle transport, transport length may refer to the average distance that particles can travel before undergoing a scattering event or interaction.

Electromagnetic scattering by cylinders is a significant topic in various fields such as telecommunications, radar systems, and remote sensing. There are several computational methods and codes designed for modeling the scattering behavior of cylindrical objects when they interact with electromagnetic waves. These can include numerical methods like the Finite Element Method (FEM), the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, and the Method of Moments (MoM).

Diffraction tomography is an imaging technique used to reconstruct the internal structure of an object from scattered waves, typically electromagnetic waves (like light or X-rays) or acoustic waves (like sound). The method is closely associated with the principles of diffraction, which describes how waves bend around obstacles and spread out after passing through narrow openings. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Scattered Waves**: When waves encounter an object, they can scatter in various directions depending on the object's properties.

In particle physics, a "soft photon" refers to a type of photon that has relatively low energy and, as a result, long wavelength. The term is often used in the context of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and scattering processes. Soft photons are particularly relevant in discussions about radiation emitted during high-energy processes, such as the collisions of charged particles.

Space exploration is the investigation and study of outer space through the use of space technology, such as spacecraft, satellites, telescopes, and rovers. It encompasses a variety of activities aimed at understanding celestial bodies, the universe, and the phenomena within it.

The Bogotá Declaration refers to a formal agreement made in Bogotá, Colombia, on September 6, 2021, during the International Conference on Sustainable Development and Health. This declaration emphasized the importance of sustainable urban development and public health, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its long-term impacts on cities and communities.

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is a magnetic field that permeates the space between planets in our solar system. It is primarily carried by the solar wind, which is a stream of charged particles (mainly electrons and protons) emitted by the Sun. The IMF is a manifestation of the solar magnetic field as it extends outward from the Sun into interplanetary space.

A variable buoyancy pressure vessel is a type of underwater vehicle or system specifically designed to control its buoyancy and, consequently, its depth in a fluid, typically water. The key feature of such a vessel is its ability to adjust its buoyancy dynamically, allowing it to ascend or descend in the water column without the need for propulsion.