Xiao-Gang Wen is a prominent theoretical physicist known for his contributions to condensed matter physics, particularly in the areas of quantum many-body physics and topological states of matter. He is recognized for his work on topological order, a concept that describes a new kind of order in quantum systems that is not captured by traditional symmetry breaking.

The term "21st-century physicists" refers to the scientists and researchers who are actively engaged in the field of physics in the 21st century. This includes individuals working across various subfields, such as particle physics, condensed matter physics, astrophysics, quantum mechanics, and more. Key attributes and developments characterizing 21st-century physicists include: 1. **Interdisciplinary Research**: Many physicists today collaborate across disciplines, integrating concepts from chemistry, biology, and engineering.

The Fellows of the American Physical Society (APS) is an honorary designation bestowed by the APS to recognize outstanding contributions to physics. The fellowship honors members who have made significant advancements in the field, demonstrated excellence in research, or made notable contributions to the education and public understanding of physics. Each year, nominations for fellowship are made by existing APS members, and the selection is made by the APS Fellowship Committee.

The term "European physicists" generally refers to physicists who conduct research or work in the field of physics within Europe. This can include a wide range of individuals from various countries in Europe who are involved in different branches of physics, such as theoretical physics, experimental physics, astrophysics, condensed matter physics, and more. European physicists have made significant contributions to the field and have been involved in many landmark discoveries and advancements.

In category theory, a **pointed set** is a type of set that has a distinguished element, often referred to as the "base point." Formally, a pointed set can be defined as a pair \((X, x_0)\) where: - \(X\) is a set. - \(x_0 \in X\) is a distinguished element of \(X\) called the base point.

Douglas W. Small is an American educator and author known for his work in the field of mathematics education. He is the founder of the organization "MATHCOUNTS," which is aimed at providing engaging math enrichment experiences for middle school students. Through this organization, he has contributed to promoting math skills and fostering a love for mathematics among young learners.

Decoppering generally refers to the process of removing copper from a material or system. This term is often used in the context of electronics, metallurgy, and environmental sciences. Here are a few contexts in which decoppering might be relevant: 1. **Electronics and Circuit Board Recycling**: In the recycling of electronic waste, decoppering involves the removal of copper traces from circuit boards to recover the metal for reuse or recycling.

The ASA Gold Medal is an award presented by the American Statistical Association (ASA) to honor individuals for their outstanding contributions to the field of statistics. It recognizes significant achievements in statistical science, including methodological development, applications, and leadership in the discipline. The award is typically given to individuals who have made notable advancements or innovations in statistics, influencing the field through research, teaching, or public service.

Levoglucosan is a simple sugar, specifically a monosaccharide, that is derived from the thermal degradation of cellulose and other polysaccharides during combustion processes, particularly in biomass burning. It is a cyclic sugar alcohol and can be regarded as a dehydration product of glucose. Chemically, levoglucosan is known for its significance in atmospheric chemistry and environmental science, as it is often used as a marker for biomass burning in the atmosphere.

Karl Jelinek is a name that may not be widely known and could refer to several individuals depending on the context.

The International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (CIBB) is an academic event that focuses on the intersection of computational intelligence, bioinformatics, and biostatistics. Such conferences typically aim to bring together researchers, practitioners, and students from various disciplines to discuss the latest advancements, methodologies, and applications of computational intelligence in the fields of biology and medicine.

MyGrid is a project that was part of the UK e-Science initiative, designed to provide a grid computing infrastructure for bioinformatics and related scientific research. It allows researchers to manage, share, and analyze large datasets by utilizing distributed computing resources efficiently. MyGrid offers a suite of software tools and services that facilitate data integration, workflow management, and the execution of complex computational tasks across various resources in a seamless manner.

An acoustician is a professional who studies and applies the principles of acoustics, which is the science of sound. This can encompass various fields, including engineering, architecture, music, and environmental science. Acousticians may work on a range of projects, such as: 1. **Architectural Acoustics**: Designing spaces like concert halls, theaters, and auditoriums to optimize sound quality and manage noise.

CENBOL, or Central Bank of Liberia, is the central banking institution of Liberia, responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy, issuing currency, and regulating the banking sector in the country. It aims to maintain price stability and contribute to the economic growth of Liberia.

Theoretical physicists are scientists who use mathematical models and abstractions to describe and predict natural phenomena. Unlike experimental physicists, who perform experiments to test theories and observe the physical world, theoretical physicists primarily focus on developing theories and frameworks that explain observations and predict new results.

Věra Trnková is a Czech artist and designer known for her work in various artistic mediums, including graphic design and illustration.

The Magnussen model is a turbulence model commonly used in fluid dynamics, particularly in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Developed by Siegfried Magnussen in the 1970s, the model is particularly known for its application in turbulent combustion processes and flows. The key features of the Magnussen model include: 1. **Two-Equation Model**: The Magnussen turbulence model is a two-equation model, which means it utilizes two transport equations to characterize the turbulent flow field.

Wang Yangyuan (also known as Wang Yang Yuan or Wang Yang Yuen) typically refers to a type of Chinese herbal medicine or herbal remedy that is associated with health practices and traditional medicinal applications in China. However, it's important to clarify that there isn’t a well-documented mainstream reference specifically known as "Wang Yangyuan" in traditional Chinese medicine or herbal studies, as the term may vary by context or spelling.

Cosmologists are scientists who study the universe as a whole, including its origins, evolution, structure, and eventual fate. They seek to understand fundamental questions about the cosmos, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the formation and evolution of galaxies, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the overall geometry of the universe. Cosmologists often utilize principles from physics and astronomy, employing both observational data and theoretical models to develop their understanding of the universe.