Internet activism, often referred to as "digital activism" or "online activism," is the use of the internet and digital technologies to promote, influence, or bring about social or political change. This form of activism leverages online platforms, social media, websites, and other digital tools to mobilize support, raise awareness, and organize campaigns on various issues such as human rights, environmental causes, political reform, and more.

An internet challenge is a type of trend or activity that is widely shared and participated in online, often through social media platforms. These challenges can involve various activities, ranging from harmless and fun tasks to more risky or harmful behaviors. **Common Types of Internet Challenges:** 1. **Viral Challenges**: These are challenges that gain popularity quickly and are often spread through videos or posts, like the "Ice Bucket Challenge" which raised awareness for ALS.

Internet Explorer shells refer to modified or customized versions of the Internet Explorer web browser, which are typically designed to enhance or change the user interface or functionality. These "shell" versions may incorporate additional features, toolbar elements, or specific themes that are not available in the standard version of Internet Explorer. Historically, "shell" in computing often refers to a user interface or environment that provides a way for users to interact with the underlying system.

In 1992, the Internet was still in its early stages of development and public use. Here are some key characteristics and milestones of the Internet during that time: 1. **Infrastructure**: The Internet was primarily composed of a network of interconnected networks, using protocols such as TCP/IP. The backbone was established, primarily supported by government and educational institutions. The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a major backbone for research and academia.

Internet self-classification codes generally refer to a system where content providers, websites, or online services classify their offerings or materials in a way that informs users about the type of content they contain. These codes can provide guidance regarding the appropriateness for different audiences, similar to movie rating systems or video game ratings.

Intuitionistic Type Theory (ITT) is a branch of mathematical logic and a formal system that combines elements of type theory with intuitionistic logic. It was developed in the late 20th century, particularly through the work of mathematicians and computer scientists like Per Martin-Löf. ITT is significant in both the foundations of mathematics and in the study of programming languages and proof assistants.

The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) was established in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, which occurred in March 2011 following a massive earthquake and tsunami. The committee was tasked with investigating the causes of the accident, assessing the response by TEPCO and the government, and evaluating the safety protocols and regulations in place at the time.

Investment protection refers to a set of legal and regulatory measures designed to safeguard investors' rights and assets in a country or jurisdiction. It aims to provide reassurance to investors that their investments will be secure from unfair treatment, expropriation, or other forms of interference by governments or private entities. Here are some key aspects of investment protection: 1. **Legal Framework**: Investment protection often involves the establishment of laws and treaties that govern how foreign and domestic investors are treated.

Iosif Shklovsky (also spelled Joseph Shklovsky) was a prominent Soviet astrophysicist and a key figure in the field of astrophysics, particularly known for his work in the study of pulsars and the interstellar medium. He was born on July 6, 1916, and passed away on December 3, 1985.

The Iranian Government's "Reciprocal and Proportional Action in Implementing the JCPOA Act" refers to legislation passed by the Iranian Parliament (Majles) in December 2020, which aimed to respond to the challenges posed by the U.S. withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018 and the subsequent re-imposition of sanctions on Iran.

The Iran Nuclear Achievements Protection Act is a piece of legislation that was introduced in the United States Congress, aimed at protecting and recognizing Iran's nuclear achievements while also ensuring that Iran remains compliant with its international obligations regarding nuclear non-proliferation. Typically, such acts are designed to restrict or block federal funds from being used to recognize or facilitate sanctions relief for Iran unless certain conditions are met, particularly concerning Iran's adherence to agreements like the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).

Jacob Bernoulli (also known as Jakob Bernoulli) was a Swiss mathematician and one of the most important figures in the early development of probability theory. He was born on December 27, 1654, in Basel, Switzerland, and died on August 16, 1705.

Jacob Cohen (1962–1998) was a prominent American psychologist and statistician known for his contributions to the fields of statistics, psychology, and research methodology. One of his most significant contributions is the concept of effect size, which quantifies the size of a difference or a relationship in a population. Effect size measures are vital for understanding the practical significance of research findings beyond traditional hypothesis testing.

Jaguar was a high-performance supercomputer located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, USA. It was one of the leading supercomputers in the world and played a significant role in scientific research and simulations across various fields, including physics, climate modeling, biology, and materials science. Originally built in 2005, Jaguar underwent several upgrades and enhancements throughout its operational life.

James A. Berlin was a notable figure in the field of rhetoric and composition. He was an influential scholar and teacher who contributed significantly to the understanding of writing, particularly in the context of education and composition studies. Berlin is well-known for his theories on the teaching of writing and his critiques of traditional approaches to rhetoric and composition.

Janet Vaughan (1899–1993) was a prominent British physician and medical researcher known for her contributions to medicine, particularly in the fields of hematology and blood transfusion. She played a significant role during World War II as a key figure in the development of blood banking and transfusion practices, which helped save countless lives.

Johann Christian Wernsdorf (1746-1817) was a German classical scholar and philologist known for his contributions to the study of classical antiquity and literature. He held a prominent position in the field of classical studies during his time and was also associated with various academic institutions. Wernsdorf's work often focused on the interpretation and analysis of ancient texts, and he is noted for his ability to engage with the works of classical authors.

John D. Norton is a prominent philosopher of science, particularly known for his work in the philosophy of physics. He has contributed significantly to discussions on the nature of scientific theories, the foundations of thermodynamics, and the interpretation of classical and contemporary physics. Norton has explored topics such as the structure of scientific explanation, the role of space and time in physics, and the relationship between scientific theories and empirical evidence.

John Edwin McGee is not a widely recognized public figure or a term with a standard definition, based on the information available up to October 2023.

John Locke was a 17th-century English philosopher and physician, often regarded as one of the most influential figures in the development of modern Western philosophy. He is best known for his contributions to political theory, epistemology, and education, and his ideas laid the groundwork for Enlightenment thought and modern liberal democracy. Some key aspects of John Locke's philosophy include: 1. **Empiricism**: Locke is known for his belief in empiricism, the idea that knowledge is derived from sensory experience.