Second-language acquisition (SLA) is the process by which individuals learn a language other than their native language. This can occur in various contexts, such as formal education settings, immersion environments, or informal settings through interaction with speakers of the language. SLA encompasses not just the learning of vocabulary and grammar, but also the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in the second language (L2).

The washback effect, also known as backwash effect, refers to the impact that assessments or testing can have on teaching and learning practices. This concept highlights the idea that the way students are assessed can influence the methods teachers use in the classroom and the manner in which students learn. In positive terms, a strong alignmment between assessment and instructional goals can lead to effective teaching strategies that enhance learning.

Anania Shirakatsi (also known as Ananias of Širak) was an Armenian mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who lived during the 7th century. He is particularly renowned for his significant contributions to the field of mathematics and for his role in the development of astronomy in Armenia. Shirakatsi is best known for his work called "Mathematics" (or "Astrognosy"), which includes a comprehensive overview of mathematical concepts as understood in his time.

"Darwin Among the Machines" is a book written by the British author George B. Dyson, published in 1998. The book explores the relationship between evolutionary biology and technology, particularly the development of computers and artificial intelligence. Dyson draws parallels between the processes of natural selection in biological evolution and the development of intelligent machines, suggesting that technology is evolving in a manner similar to biological organisms.

The perifocal coordinate system is a framework used in orbital mechanics to describe the position and velocity of an object in orbit around a central body, such as a planet or star. In this system, the coordinates are defined relative to the orbital parameters of the body in question. Here's how the perifocal coordinate system is structured: 1. **Perifocal Plane**: The plane in which the orbit lies is called the perifocal plane.

Jeremy S. Heyl is an astrophysicist known for his research in various areas of astrophysics, including topics such as neutron stars, black holes, and other astronomical phenomena. He has contributed to the understanding of cosmic objects and their behaviors through theoretical modeling and analysis.

Astronomers from Georgia, a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, have made significant contributions to the field of astronomy over the years. Georgia has a rich cultural and scientific heritage, and its astronomers have been involved in various research activities, especially following the establishment of academic institutions in the 20th century.

"Dutch astronomers" could refer to several notable figures in the field of astronomy from the Netherlands, as well as the contributions of Dutch scientists to the field. Here are a few key highlights: 1. **Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)**: Though he was Danish, he spent time in the Netherlands and had a significant influence on astronomy in the region. His meticulous observations laid the groundwork for later astronomers.

Slitless spectroscopy is a technique used in the field of astronomical spectroscopy that allows for the observation and analysis of light from celestial objects without the use of a physical slit to restrict the incoming light. Instead, this method employs a dispersive element, like a prism or grating, to separate light into its constituent wavelengths over a wide field of view.

The Harvard Radio Meteor Project, initiated in the 1940s, is an effort to study meteors through radio wave observations. It was established by researchers at Harvard University to better understand the characteristics of meteoroids as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. The project's main objective is to use radar to detect and track meteors, allowing researchers to gather data on their speed, trajectory, and physical properties.

Isopycnic refers to a state or condition in which different substances have the same density (or specific gravity). The term is often used in the context of biological and biochemical techniques, particularly in centrifugation. In an isopycnic centrifugation process, a sample is placed in a gradient medium, typically a sucrose or cesium chloride gradient, and subjected to high-speed spinning.

Dohkwibuhch is a term from the Native American Seneca language. It translates to "the place where things are broken" and refers to the location of a historic Seneca village known for its significance in the culture and history of the Seneca people.

It appears that "Ngamta Thamwattana" does not correspond to widely known information or entities as of my last update in October 2023. It could potentially refer to an individual, a specific cultural reference, a product, or something more localized that hasn't gained widespread recognition.

Bertram Batlogg is an accomplished physicist known for his contributions to condensed matter physics, particularly in the areas of high-temperature superconductors and strongly correlated electron systems. He is a professor and a researcher who has made significant advancements in understanding the electronic properties of materials. Batlogg's work often involves experimental techniques and theoretical insights that explore the behavior of materials at the atomic level, contributing to the development of new technologies and materials with unique properties.

Martin Tajmar is a notable physicist and researcher known for his work in advanced propulsion concepts and theoretical physics. He has been involved in research related to propulsion technologies, including studies on electromagnetic propulsion, anti-gravity, and related fields. His work often intersects with both physics and engineering, and he has contributed to various academic publications and projects that explore innovative ideas in propulsion and aerospace technology.

The Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize is an award established in memory of Ruth I. Michler, who was a prominent mathematician known for her contributions to the field. The prize is typically awarded to a woman mathematician who has made significant contributions to the field and is recognized for her potential to continue making impactful advances in mathematics. The award aims to encourage and promote the participation of women in mathematics, honoring the legacy of Michler and her dedication to the field.

Start by looking at: Maxwell-Boltzmann vs Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Jeffreys prior is a type of non-informative prior probability distribution used in Bayesian statistics. It is designed to be invariant under reparameterization, which means that the prior distribution should not change if the parameters are transformed. The Jeffreys prior is derived from the likelihood function of the data and is based on the concept of the Fisher information.