Co-construction in linguistics refers to the collaborative process through which speakers in a conversation build meaning together. This involves the negotiation and construction of utterances, often through back-and-forth exchanges where both speakers contribute to the flow of dialogue. The concept highlights how language is not just a means of individual expression but a social activity where speakers influence each other’s speech, ideas, and understandings.
LCS35 refers to a type of classification for a model of the "Littoral Combat Ship" (LCS) in the United States Navy. Specifically, LCS35 is the USS St. Louis, which is one of the Independence-class variants of the LCS. These ships are designed for operations close to shore (littoral zones) and are equipped for a variety of missions including anti-submarine warfare, mine countermeasures, and surface warfare.
The Password Hashing Competition (PHC) is a project aimed at identifying and standardizing a set of password hashing functions that are secure and suitable for the needs of modern applications. Initiated in 2013, the competition sought to address the inadequacies of existing password hashing algorithms and to promote the development of new functions that are resistant to attacks, particularly those involving brute-force and hardware acceleration. The PHC was motivated by the increasing frequency of data breaches and the need for better password storage practices.
The National Security Agency (NSA) produces a variety of academic publications that often focus on topics related to signals intelligence, cybersecurity, information assurance, cryptography, and other areas relevant to national security and intelligence. These publications may include research papers, technical reports, and papers that present findings from research projects conducted by NSA scientists and analysts. The NSA's academic publications aim to disseminate knowledge, share insights about advanced technologies, and contribute to the academic community's understanding of issues related to national security.
"Topness" is not a widely recognized term, so its meaning can vary depending on the context. However, it often relates to: 1. **Video Gaming**: In some gaming communities, "topness" could refer to a player's skill level or ranking, particularly in competitive settings.
GBDE stands for "GEOM Block Device Encryption." It is a disk encryption framework used in FreeBSD, an operating system that is a member of the Unix family. GBDE allows users to encrypt whole disk partitions or filesystems, providing a way to secure data at rest. The primary features of GBDE include: 1. **Transparent Encryption:** Data is encrypted and decrypted automatically as it is read from and written to the disk, providing seamless integration with the filesystem.
KL-51 is not a widely recognized term as of my last knowledge update in October 2021. It may refer to a specific product, code, research designation, or model number in a particular industry or context. Without additional context, it's challenging to provide a precise definition. If KL-51 has emerged as a notable term or concept after my last update or in a specific niche (like technology, biology, etc.
A Key Signing Party (KSP) is an event where individuals come together to sign each other's cryptographic keys. The primary purpose of a KSP is to enhance the trustworthiness of public key infrastructures by verifying that the public keys actually belong to the claimed owners. This is particularly common in the context of technologies like PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), which uses a system of public and private key pairs for secure communication.
A perlocutionary act is a concept from speech act theory, primarily developed by philosophers like J.L. Austin and John Searle. It refers to the effect or outcome that a speaker's utterance has on a listener. While locutionary acts pertain to the actual words spoken, and illocutionary acts concern the intention behind those words, perlocutionary acts focus on the response or reaction they evoke in the audience.
Crystal momentum is a concept used in solid-state physics that refers to the effective momentum of particles (such as electrons) in a crystalline solid. It arises from the periodic potential of the crystal lattice in which the particles reside. In quantum mechanics, particles exhibit wave-like properties, leading to the concept of wave vectors.
A triangular number is a figurate number that can form an equilateral triangle. The n-th triangular number is the sum of the first n natural numbers. This can be expressed mathematically as: \[ T_n = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} \] where \( T_n \) is the n-th triangular number and \( n \) is a positive integer.
NESTOR is an encryption scheme that was designed for secure communications and data protection. Specifically, it is a block cipher operating on fixed-size blocks of data, and it has been developed to provide confidentiality and integrity for the information being processed. The NESTOR algorithm is notable for its performance and security features, designed to be both efficient in terms of execution speed and resistant to cryptographic attacks. It supports various key sizes and can be implemented on different platforms, making it versatile for various applications.
Herman Winick is a notable figure in the field of particle physics and synchrotron radiation. He is particularly recognized for his work in the development and application of synchrotron light facilities, which have significantly contributed to various research areas including materials science, biology, and chemistry. Winick has also been involved in advancements in the use of synchrotron radiation for medical and industrial applications.
Ervin László is a Hungarian philosopher, systems theorist, and integral theorist known for his work in the fields of science, consciousness, and the interconnectedness of the universe. Born on August 12, 1932, he has authored numerous books and articles exploring a wide array of topics, including the implications of quantum physics, theories of consciousness, and an evolutionary perspective on spirituality.
PyTorch model by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-08-08
This section lists specific models that have been implemented in PyTorch.
Kinnu by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
App-only as of 2023, i.e. for children.
Humans make the table of contents, and then AI fills it. Ciro was thinking about doint the exact same thing at some point, maybe starting from Wikipedia categories.
OpenStax by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
These people have good intentions.
The problem is that they don't manage to go critical because there's to way for students to create content, everything is manually curated.
You can't even publicly comment on the textbooks. Or at least Ciro Santilli hasn't found a way to do so. There is just a "submit suggestion" box.
This massive lost opportunity is even shown graphically at: cnx.org/about (archive) where there is a clear separation between:
  • "authors", who can create content
  • "students", who can consume content
Maybe this wasn't the case in their legacy website, legacy.cnx.org/content?legacy=true, but not sure, and they are retiring that now.
Thus, OurBigBook.com. License: CC BY! So we could re-use their stuff!
TODO what are the books written in?
Video 1.
Richard Baraniuk on open-source learning by TED (2006)
Source.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact