Élisabeth Lutz is a French diplomat known for her work in various capacities, including her role within the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Her career has involved international relations and diplomatic efforts, although specific details about her accomplishments and positions may not be widely publicized.

Preda Mihăilescu is a Romanian mathematician known for his contributions to number theory and related areas. He is particularly recognized for his work on Diophantine equations and mathematical analysis. Throughout his career, Mihăilescu has published numerous research papers and has contributed to various mathematical communities.

Richard Arenstorf was a notable American mathematician and aerospace engineer, best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics and computations related to the dynamics of space missions. He contributed to the development of various mathematical models and methods used to analyze and predict the motion of spacecraft, notably through his work on trajectories in the vicinity of celestial bodies. His contributions have had significant implications in aerospace engineering and space exploration.

Sophie Germain (1776-1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher known for her contributions to number theory and elasticity. Despite facing significant barriers as a woman in a male-dominated field, she made notable advancements in mathematics. One of her key contributions is in the field of number theory, particularly regarding "Sophie Germain primes," which are prime numbers \( p \) such that \( 2p + 1 \) is also prime.

Tom M. Apostol (born March 20, 1923) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to various areas of mathematics, including number theory, algebra, and analysis. He is particularly famous for his textbooks, which are widely used in undergraduate and graduate courses. Apostol is perhaps best known for his two-volume work "Mathematical Analysis" and his books on number theory, including "Introduction to Analytic Number Theory.

Viggo Brun is a Norwegian mathematician known for his work in various areas of mathematics, particularly in number theory and analysis. He is notable for the Brun sieve, a technique he developed for finding prime numbers and studying their properties. The Brun sieve is a refinement of the traditional sieve methods and is particularly useful in analytic number theory.

W. R. (Red) Alford is a prominent figure in the field of education, particularly known for his contributions to educational administration and related academic areas. While specific details about his life and work may vary, he is often referenced in discussions about educational leadership and policy. If you are looking for information on a specific aspect of W. R.

William J. LeVeque (1912–1991) was an American mathematician renowned for his contributions to number theory and special functions. He is particularly well-known for his work in analytic number theory, including contributions to divisors of numbers, Riemann zeta functions, and L-functions. LeVeque authored several influential texts and papers, which have been utilized in various mathematical studies. His works often served as foundational resources for students and researchers in number theory.

Yitang Zhang is a Chinese-American mathematician known for his work in number theory, particularly in relation to the distribution of prime numbers. He gained significant attention in 2013 for proving a major result regarding the existence of bounded gaps between prime numbers. Specifically, he showed that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers that differ by a bounded amount, a breakthrough in the field of additive number theory.

The term "broken diagonal" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few possible meanings: 1. **Mathematics or Geometry**: In geometry, a broken diagonal may refer to a piecewise linear path in a grid or a geometric figure that consists of segments forming a diagonal-like shape but is not a straight line. For instance, in a geometric grid, a broken diagonal could zigzag from one corner of a rectangle to the opposite corner.

Legendre's conjecture is an unsolved problem in number theory that concerns the distribution of prime numbers. It posits that there is at least one prime number between every pair of consecutive perfect squares.

Shimura's reciprocity law is a profound result in the theory of numbers, particularly in the context of modular forms and the Langlands program. It generalizes classical reciprocity laws, such as those established by Gauss and later by Artin, to a broader setting involving Shimura varieties and abelian varieties. In essence, Shimura’s reciprocity law connects the arithmetic properties of abelian varieties defined over number fields to the values of certain automorphic forms.

A totally imaginary number field is a specific type of number field where every element of the field has its conjugates (in terms of field embeddings into the complex numbers) lying on the imaginary axis. More precisely, a number field is a finite extension of the field of rational numbers \(\mathbb{Q}\).

Lagrange's four-square theorem is a result in number theory that states that every natural number can be expressed as the sum of four integer squares.

In number theory, a lemma is a proven statement or proposition that is used as a stepping stone to prove a larger theorem. The term "lemma" comes from the Greek word "lemma," which means "that which is taken" or "premise." Lemmas can be thought of as auxiliary results that help in the development of more complex arguments or proofs.

Greenberg's conjecture is a statement in the field of number theory related to the study of Galois representations and p-adic fields. Specifically, it deals with the relation between the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields and the behavior of certain types of Galois representations.

Odd Greedy Expansion is a concept used in the realm of algorithms and data structures, particularly in the context of computational problems like Tree Decomposition and dynamic programming on trees. The term is not widely recognized as a standalone concept in mainstream literature but may refer to specific techniques or approaches within graph theory or optimization. In general, a greedy algorithm is one that makes a series of choices, each of which looks best at the moment, with the hope that the overall outcome will be optimal.

A prime triplet refers to a set of three prime numbers that are all two units apart from each other. The most common form of a prime triplet can be expressed as \( (p, p+2, p+6) \) or \( (p-2, p, p+2) \), where \( p \) is a prime number.

The Statistical Accounts of Scotland is a collection of detailed accounts that were compiled in the 18th and 19th centuries, offering insights into the social, economic, and environmental conditions of Scottish communities. The project was initiated in two main phases: the first Statistical Account, conducted between 1791 and 1799, was commissioned by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.