Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials, such as steel. It is commonly employed in industries like oil and gas, power generation, and construction to inspect pipelines, storage tanks, and other components. ### How MFL Works: 1. **Magnetization**: A test object is first magnetized using either permanent magnets or electromagnets.

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) 4.0 refers to the application of advanced technologies and methodologies in the field of nondestructive testing and evaluation, particularly in alignment with the principles of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 represents the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the integration of digital technologies, automation, data exchange, and artificial intelligence into manufacturing and industrial processes. NDE 4.

Singular perturbation refers to a situation in mathematical analysis, particularly in the study of differential equations, where a small parameter multiplies the highest derivative in the equation. This small parameter can lead to significant changes in the behavior of the solution, resulting in phenomena that cannot be understood by analyzing the equation without this parameter. In this context, singular perturbations typically give rise to boundary layers — regions where the solution changes rapidly compared to other regions.

Remote Visual Inspection (RVI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to examine and assess the condition of structures, equipment, and components from a distance without requiring direct physical access. This process involves the use of various devices, such as cameras, endoscopes, drones, or robotic systems, to capture visual data and images for evaluation.

Robotic non-destructive testing (NDT) refers to the use of robotic systems to perform inspections and evaluations of materials, structures, and components without causing any damage. This technology combines the principles of robotics and non-destructive testing to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and safety of inspection processes. ### Key Aspects of Robotic NDT: 1. **Automation**: Robotics automates the inspection process, reducing the need for human intervention and allowing for inspections in challenging or hazardous environments.

The Popov criterion is a mathematical condition used in control theory, particularly in the analysis and design of nonlinear control systems. It provides a way to determine the stability of a nonlinear system using a technique based on input-output relationships. The criterion is named after V. M. Popov, who developed the method for evaluating the stability of nonlinear dynamic systems characterized by a certain class of nonlinearities.

Bjarne Stoustrup is a Danish computer scientist, best known for creating the C++ programming language. He began working on C++ in the late 1970s as an enhancement to the C programming language, with a focus on providing object-oriented features. Stoustrup has written several books on C++ and software development and has made significant contributions to the field of computer science through his work in programming languages, software engineering, and systems programming.

The term "strict-feedback form" typically refers to a specific type of structure in control theory and reinforcement learning, particularly in the context of systems that require a certain input/output relationship. In control theory, it often pertains to nonlinear control systems where the input at each time step can be influenced by the current state of the system and also by previous actions or states, but under a strict feedback assumption.

The 19th century was a significant period for Norwegian mathematics, marked by the contributions of several notable mathematicians. Here’s an overview of some key figures and contributions from this era: 1. **Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829)**: One of the most important mathematicians in Norway and indeed in the history of mathematics, Abel is best known for his work in algebra, particularly for proving the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals.

The 20th century saw significant contributions from Norwegian mathematicians in various fields. Here are a few notable figures: 1. **Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829)** - While his life was cut short in the 19th century, Abel's work laid the groundwork for modern algebra and analysis. He is best known for Abel's theorem and for proving the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals.

Einar Høiland is not widely known in popular culture or history, so there may be limited information available about him. If you provide more context or specify the area in which you are asking about Einar Høiland, such as a particular field (science, art, local news, etc.

Elling Holst is not a widely recognized name or term in general knowledge or popular culture as of my last update. It's possible that it could refer to a person, a brand, or a term that has emerged more recently.

Emil Spjøtvoll is a Norwegian entrepreneur known for his involvement in the technology and software development sectors. He has garnered attention for his work in various startups and initiatives. However, it is worth noting that specific details about his contributions or roles may not be widely documented or available in public sources.

As of my last update in October 2023, there is no widely known public figure, entity, or concept named Kristian Seip. It's possible that this name refers to a private individual or a lesser-known figure in a specific field.

Ole Michael Ludvigsen Selberg is a name that does not appear to be widely known or associated with any notable public figure as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that he could be a private individual or a person who has gained recognition after my last update.

Lars Vegard is a name associated with a concept in materials science known as the Vegard's Law. This law describes the linear relationship between the composition of an alloy and its lattice constants, which is significant in understanding the physical properties of solid solutions. Specifically, Vegard's Law states that the lattice parameter of a solid solution can be calculated as a weighted average of the lattice parameters of the constituent pure components.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Leiv Harang does not appear to be a widely recognized name or term in public domains, literature, or well-known contexts. It could refer to a person, brand, or a term that has emerged after that date or might be more niche.

"Carl Schulz" may refer to different individuals or contexts, but it is not a widely recognized name in popular culture or historical references as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It might be a misspelling or confusion with "Charles Schulz," the American cartoonist best known for creating the comic strip "Peanuts," which features characters like Charlie Brown, Snoopy, and Lucy.

Hallstein Høgåsen is a notable geographical feature located on the island of Kongsøya in the Svalbard archipelago, which belongs to Norway. It is characterized as a mountain and lies at a height of 564 meters above sea level. The mountain is named after Hallstein Høgåsen, who was a significant figure in Norwegian exploration history.

Ivar Giaever is a Norwegian-American physicist and Nobel laureate known for his work in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973, along with Leo Esaki and Brian D. Josephson, for their experiments on tunneling phenomena in semiconductors. Giaever's research contributed to the understanding of how electrons can tunnel through barriers, which has implications for the development of various electronic devices.