KCNB1 refers to a gene that encodes the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 protein. This protein is part of a family of potassium channels that are important for maintaining the resting membrane potential and modulating the excitability of neurons and other excitable tissues. The KCNB1 gene is located on chromosome 20 in humans and plays a crucial role in the cardiac and neural functions of the body.

KCNC4, or "Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 4," is a protein encoded by the KCNC4 gene in humans. This gene is part of a family of potassium ion channels, which are essential for various physiological processes, including the regulation of neuronal excitability, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm.

KCNE5, also known as potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 5, is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the KCNE family of potassium channel regulatory subunits. These subunits are crucial for the proper functioning of potassium channels, which play essential roles in various physiological processes, including the generation and propagation of electrical signals in excitable cells such as neurons and cardiac myocytes.

KCNG2, or Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily G Member 2, is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the family of voltage-gated potassium channels. These channels play crucial roles in various physiological processes by controlling the flow of potassium ions across cell membranes, which is vital for regulating the electrical excitability of neurons and muscle cells.

KCNJ5 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the potassium ion channel family. Specifically, it encodes for the inwardly rectifying potassium channel 5 (Kir5.1). This protein plays a crucial role in various physiological processes by allowing potassium ions to flow in and out of cells, which is essential for maintaining the electrical stability of cell membranes and regulating cellular excitability. KCNJ5 is expressed in several tissues, including the adrenal glands, heart, and brain.

Ryanodine receptor 3 (RyR3) is one of the three isoforms of ryanodine receptors, which are intracellular calcium channels primarily located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, as well as in other cell types.

KCNK9, also known as "potassium channel sodium-activated 9," is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the potassium channel family. This family of proteins is involved in the regulation of potassium ion flow across cell membranes, which is crucial for various physiological processes, including maintaining the resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials, and regulating cellular excitability.

KCNMB2 (Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Beta 2) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the functioning of calcium-dependent potassium channels. These channels are crucial for various physiological processes, including the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and neuronal excitability. The KCNMB2 protein acts as a beta subunit of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels.

TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family, specifically categorized within the TRPM subfamily. It is a cation channel that is primarily responsive to cold temperatures and menthol, a cooling compound found in mint. TRPM8 plays a significant role in thermosensation, allowing the perception of coldness and cooling sensations.

KvLQT3, also known as KCNQ3 (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3), is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for forming a potassium ion channel in the cell membrane. This channel is involved in regulating the flow of potassium ions across the membrane, which is essential for maintaining the electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells, including cardiac tissue.

L-type calcium channels are a specific type of voltage-gated calcium channels that are primarily involved in the entry of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into the cell in response to depolarization of the cell membrane. The "L" in L-type stands for "long-lasting," reflecting the prolonged open state of these channels compared to other types of calcium channels. These channels play a critical role in various physiological processes.

Ligand-gated ion channels are a type of transmembrane protein that form ion channels in the membrane of cells and open or close in response to the binding of a specific chemical messenger or ligand (such as a neurotransmitter). When a ligand binds to the receptor site on the channel, it induces a conformational change in the channel protein that allows ions to flow across the membrane.

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a type of ligand-gated ion channel that responds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). These receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmission.

P-type calcium channels are a specific type of voltage-gated calcium channel, which are integral membrane proteins that allow calcium ions (Ca²⁺) to enter cells in response to changes in membrane potential. They are characterized by their specific properties and roles in various physiological processes. ### Key Characteristics of P-Type Calcium Channels: 1. **Subtypes**: P-type calcium channels are primarily associated with the Cav2.1 (also known as CaV2.1) subtype.

P2X purinoreceptors are a family of protein receptors that are part of the purinergic signaling system. They are ionotropic receptors that are activated by extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and belong to the larger family of purinergic receptors, which also includes P1 receptors (adenosine receptors). P2X receptors are trimeric proteins, meaning they are composed of three subunits that come together to form a functional ion channel.

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient mass spectrometry technique that allows for the direct analysis of solid or liquid samples without the need for extensive sample preparation. DESI combines aspects of desorption and electrospray ionization, enabling the rapid characterization of various materials, such as biological tissues, pharmaceuticals, and environmental samples, directly in their native state.

TRPC2, or "Transient Receptor Potential Channel 2," is a type of ion channel that is part of the TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) family of channels. It is primarily expressed in the sensory neurons of the olfactory system, specifically in the sensory cilia of olfactory neurons in certain mammalian species. TRPC2 plays a crucial role in the detection of pheromones and other chemical signals, contributing to the sense of smell.

TRPC7, or Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily P Member 7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC7 gene. It is part of a larger family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are involved in various physiological processes, including sensory perception, signal transduction, and regulation of cellular calcium levels.