Thermodynamic properties are key characteristics of a system that describe its state and determine how it behaves under various conditions. Here is a list of common thermodynamic properties: 1. **Temperature (T)**: A measure of the thermal energy of a system. 2. **Pressure (P)**: The force exerted by a substance per unit area. 3. **Volume (V)**: The amount of space occupied by a substance.

Synchrotron radiation facilities are research institutions that produce synchrotron radiation, which is emitted by charged particles (usually electrons) when they are accelerated radially. This radiation is used for various types of experiments in fields like physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. Here’s a list of some notable synchrotron radiation facilities around the world: ### North America 1. **SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory** - California, USA 2.

A list of plasma physics articles typically refers to a collection of research papers, reviews, and other scholarly articles focused on the study of plasma, which is one of the four fundamental states of matter. Plasma physics encompasses a wide range of topics including but not limited to: 1. **Basic Principles of Plasma**: Concepts like the Debye sheath, plasma waves, and magnetohydrodynamics.

A karat meter, often referred to in the context of measuring the purity of gold, is a tool used to determine the karat (or carat) value of gold or other precious metals. The karat system is a standard measure of the purity of gold alloys, with 24 karats representing pure gold. A karat meter typically uses electronic sensors to analyze the metal's composition, providing a quick and accurate assessment of its gold content.

The list of minerals by optical properties refers to a classification of minerals based on their optical characteristics, such as color, luster, birefringence, pleochroism, and refractive index. These properties are significant for mineral identification and characterization, particularly in petrology and mineralogy. Here are some key optical properties that can be used to classify minerals: 1. **Color**: The color of a mineral as seen in transmitted or reflected light.

Mesons are a type of subatomic particle that are composed of one quark and one antiquark, making them a type of hadron. They are important in the study of particle physics and play a significant role in mediating the strong force that binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.

Here is a list of notable mathematical physics journals where researchers publish their work in the field: 1. **Journal of Mathematical Physics** - Published by the American Institute of Physics, it focuses on mathematical methods and their applications in physics. 2. **Communications in Mathematical Physics** - A journal that covers a range of topics in mathematical physics, often emphasizing rigorous approaches. 3. **Annals of Physics** - This journal publishes articles in all areas of physics, including mathematical physics.

Pollsters are individuals or organizations that conduct surveys and polls to gather information about public opinion on various issues, candidates, or events. They often use statistical methods to design their surveys, select representative samples of the population, and analyze the results to provide insights into how people think and feel about certain topics. Pollsters play a significant role in political campaigns, market research, and social science research by helping to gauge voter preferences, identify trends, and inform decision-making processes.

In the context of Wikipedia, an "Astrophysics stub" refers to a very short or incomplete article related to astrophysics that is not sufficiently detailed to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. Stubs are often marked with a specific template that indicates to editors and readers that the article needs expansion and additional information. The purpose of stubs is to encourage contributions from other users who might have expertise or additional resources to improve the article.

Baryons are subatomic particles made up of three quarks and are a subset of hadrons. They are one of the two main categories of hadrons, the other being mesons, which are made up of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons include particles such as protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei.

In particle physics, accelerators are devices that use electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles, such as electrons or protons, to high speeds, often approaching the speed of light. These accelerators are crucial for experimental physics, as they allow scientists to collide particles at high energies to study fundamental interactions and properties of matter. Here's a list of various types of particle accelerators, along with some notable examples: ### Types of Particle Accelerators 1.

For the discovery of green fluorescent protein.

In quantum mechanics, certain systems can be solved exactly, yielding analytical solutions for their wave functions and energies. Here is a list of notable quantum-mechanical systems that have analytical solutions: 1. **Free Particle**: The simplest system, where a particle is not subjected to any forces. The solutions are plane waves. 2. **Infinite Square Well (Particle in a Box)**: A particle confined in a box with infinitely high walls.

CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) has a variety of scientific committees that play crucial roles in the governance and direction of its research activities. These committees are responsible for providing advice on scientific management, technical issues, and the prioritization of experiments and research programs. Some key committees at CERN include: 1. **Scientific Policy Committee (SPC)**: Provides advice to the CERN management on the scientific direction and strategic development of CERN’s research priorities.

The Index of Physics articles generally refers to a systematic listing or catalog of articles, papers, and research studies related to physics. Such indexes can be found in various formats, including: 1. **Academic Journals**: Many physics journals maintain an index of their published articles. Journals like the *Physical Review Letters*, *Journal of Physics*, or *European Physical Journal* provide an online index searchable by title, author, or topic.

The "Index of Optics Articles" typically refers to a collection or database that catalogs articles related to the field of optics. This index may include research papers, reviews, conference proceedings, and other scholarly articles that discuss various topics within optics, such as light behavior, optical systems, photonics, and laser technology. An index like this is often used by researchers, students, and professionals in the field to find relevant literature and stay updated on advancements and trends in optics.

A constant-resistance network refers to an electrical network in which the resistance values of the components remain constant regardless of the operating conditions, such as voltage or current. This means that the resistance does not change with temperature, frequency, or other factors. Constant-resistance networks are typically used in various applications where stable performance is required. For example, they can be used in simple resistor circuits, where the goal is to achieve predictable behavior.

Physics timelines are chronological representations that outline significant discoveries, theories, and milestones in the field of physics. They serve to provide a historical context for the development of physical concepts and to showcase how ideas have evolved over time. Here are some key components that might be included in a physics timeline: 1. **Ancient Foundations**: - **Aristotle (384-322 BC)**: Proposed that the Earth was the center of the universe. - **Archimedes (c.

Lists of Solar System objects refer to various categorizations and compilations of celestial bodies within our Solar System. These lists can include a variety of objects, such as: 1. **Planets**: The eight major planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Alternative to the Lorentz gauge, but less used in general as it is not as nice for relativity invariance.