Victor J. Stenger was an American experimental physicist, author, and outspoken advocate for atheism and science. He was born on April 29, 1935, and passed away on December 16, 2014. Stenger earned a Ph.D. in physics and had a notable career in research, particularly in the fields of particle physics and cosmology.

Virgil E. Bottom is a fictional character created by author John D. MacDonald. He appears in a series of novels featuring detective Travis McGee, but not as a central character. Instead, he is often referenced in the context of McGee's dealings with the darker sides of society. If you meant something else or if Virgil E. Bottom refers to another concept or subject, please provide more context!

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, William Bookless does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure, term, or concept. It's possible that he may be a private individual or a figure in a specific niche that has not gained widespread recognition.

William C. Davidon (1927–2019) was an American physicist and a professor known for his contributions to various scientific fields, particularly in the areas of gravitational physics and control systems. He became well-known for his involvement in the development of the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) project, which aimed to detect gravitational waves. Davidon was also recognized for his work in the application of control theory and optimization techniques in engineering.

Walter Guyton Cady was an American physicist and electrical engineer, known for his work in the field of acoustics and piezoelectricity. He contributed significantly to the development of piezoelectric devices and resonators, which are widely used in various applications, including telecommunications and instrumentation. Cady's research included the study of crystal oscillators, and he played a crucial role in the understanding and utilization of piezoelectric materials.

William D. Coolidge was an American physicist and engineer known for his significant contributions to the field of x-ray technology. He is best known for inventing the Coolidge tube in 1913, which was one of the first practical x-ray tubes. This invention improved the quality and reliability of x-ray imaging, allowing for better medical diagnoses and advancements in radiology.

William E. Gordon may refer to a notable figure in various fields, but the most recognized William E. Gordon is an American physicist known for his work in solid-state physics and his contributions to the field of semiconductor physics. He made significant advancements in understanding the properties of semiconductors, particularly in the area of electronic devices. If you are referring to a different William E.

An ammunition dump, also known as an ammunition depot or munitions storage facility, is a designated location for storing ammunition and explosive materials. These facilities are typically used by military organizations to securely store and manage munitions, including bombs, artillery shells, missiles, and small arms ammunition. Ammunition dumps are designed with safety and security in mind.

In the context of firearms, "headspace" refers to the distance between the face of the bolt and the part of the chamber that stops the forward motion of the cartridge, typically the shoulder or rim of the cartridge. Proper headspace is critical for the safe and reliable functioning of a firearm. If the headspace is too short, it can prevent the bolt from fully closing, leading to failures to fire or extraction problems.

Pistol and rifle cartridges are types of ammunition designed for use in firearms, specifically handguns (pistols) and long guns (rifles). Each type of cartridge is optimized for its intended use, and they have different design characteristics, performance, and applications. Here's an overview of both: ### Pistol Cartridges 1. **Design:** Pistol cartridges are typically shorter than rifle cartridges and are designed to be used in handguns. They often have a wider diameter than rifle cartridges.

Lists of gun cartridges typically refer to compilations of various types of ammunition used in firearms, categorized by their specifications, purposes, and characteristics. These lists can include a wide variety of cartridges, often categorized by factors such as caliber, design, intended use (e.g., military, hunting, self-defense), and more. Here’s a general overview of how such lists might be organized: ### 1. **By Caliber** - **Small Caliber (.

Fire forming is a technique used primarily in firearms and reloading to shape or resize brass cartridge cases to fit a specific chamber more precisely. During this process, a casing is fired in a specific firearm, which allows the brass material to expand and conform to the dimensions of the chamber. ### Key Points about Fire Forming: 1. **Purpose**: The primary goal is to create a cartridge case that perfectly matches the chamber of a particular firearm, improving accuracy and efficiency by ensuring a tighter fit.

The 2008–2016 United States ammunition shortage refers to a significant and prolonged scarcity of ammunition that occurred in the U.S. during those years. Several factors contributed to this shortage: 1. **Increased Demand**: The election of Barack Obama as President in 2008 led to a surge in gun sales and, subsequently, ammunition purchases. Many gun owners feared potential restrictions on firearms and ammunition, prompting them to stockpile supplies.

The 2020–present United States ammunition shortage refers to a significant and ongoing scarcity of ammunition in the U.S. that began around early 2020 and has continued for several years. Several factors have contributed to this shortage: 1. **COVID-19 Pandemic:** The onset of the pandemic led to increased demand for firearms and ammunition as people sought to protect themselves and their families. This surge in demand coincided with disruptions in manufacturing and supply chains caused by lockdowns and factory closures.

A black powder cartridge is a type of ammunition that uses black powder as its propellant. Black powder, also known as gunpowder, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur. While black powder was historically the first form of smokeless propellant used in firearms, it has largely been replaced by smokeless powder in modern ammunition due to its higher energy density and efficiency.

Buck and ball is a historical form of ammunition used primarily in smoothbore firearms, particularly during the 18th and early 19th centuries. It consists of a lead ball (usually .69 caliber) and several smaller lead shot (often referred to as "buckshot") packed together in a single cartridge. When fired, the larger ball would travel towards the target with considerable force, while the smaller shot would spread out, increasing the likelihood of hitting multiple targets at close range.

Collaborative Research into Small Arms Technology (CRISAT) typically refers to initiatives or programs that focus on the study and development of small arms and their associated technologies through collaborative efforts among various stakeholders. These stakeholders can include governments, academic institutions, private industry, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The objectives of such collaborative research might include: 1. **Innovating Safer Technologies**: Developing new materials or designs that enhance safety in the use of small arms and reduce accidental discharges.

Caseless ammunition is a type of firearm ammunition that does not have a traditional cartridge case. In standard ammunition, the cartridge case serves multiple functions: it holds the primer and propellant, provides structural integrity, and ejects from the firearm after firing. In caseless ammunition, these functions are achieved without a separate case. Instead, caseless ammunition typically consists of a propellant that is chemically designed to contain the projectile and primer within the cartridge itself.

A live fire exercise (LFX) is a military training event in which live ammunition is used to simulate real combat scenarios. These exercises are conducted to train military personnel in the use of weapons and tactics in a realistic environment. Participants may include soldiers, airmen, sailors, and other military forces working together to gain practical experience in firing weapons, coordinating attacks, and executing mission objectives under conditions that closely resemble those of actual combat.

Dense Inert Metal Explosive (DIME) refers to a type of munition that utilizes a combination of dense materials and inert components to create a powerful explosive effect while minimizing the production of hazardous shrapnel and collateral damage. The key characteristics of DIME include: 1. **Dense Materials**: Typically incorporate a heavy metal, such as tungsten or tantalum, which increases the mass of the explosive and enhances its lethality upon detonation.