A degree is a unit of measurement for angles. It is commonly used in various fields, including mathematics, engineering, navigation, and meteorology. One complete rotation around a point is divided into 360 degrees. In the context of angles: - A right angle measures 90 degrees. - A straight angle measures 180 degrees. - A full rotation (complete revolution) measures 360 degrees. Degrees can also be expressed in terms of fractions or as decimal values.

The De Bruijn–Newman constant, denoted as \(\Lambda\), is a concept in number theory and analytic number theory related to the distribution of prime numbers. It arises in the context of the Riemann zeta function and its generalizations.

The 97.5th percentile point in a dataset or distribution is the value below which 97.5% of the observations fall. In other words, if you were to rank all the data points in ascending order, the 97.5th percentile would be the point at which only 2.5% of the data points are higher.

In geometry and navigation, a "turn" typically refers to the action of changing the direction or orientation of an object, often measured in degrees or radians. A full turn corresponds to a 360-degree rotation, which brings an object back to its original position. Here are some common terms related to turns: 1. **Right Turn**: A turn of 90 degrees to the right. 2. **Left Turn**: A turn of 90 degrees to the left.

A Taylor diagram is a graphical representation used to assess the performance of predictive models by comparing the patterns of variability and correlation between a model's output and observational data. It was introduced by Karl E. Taylor in 2001. In a Taylor diagram, several metrics are plotted in a single diagram: - **Standard deviation**: The radial distance from the origin in the diagram represents the standard deviation of the data, allowing you to compare the variability between different datasets (e.g., model output vs.

Mark G. Raizen is a prominent physicist known for his work in the fields of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. He is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin and has made significant contributions to areas such as laser cooling, quantum optics, and ultracold atomic systems. Raizen's research often explores the manipulation of atomic and molecular systems using lasers and the study of quantum phenomena. He has authored numerous scientific papers and has been involved in various educational and outreach initiatives in physics.

Kaidā glyphs are a fictional writing system used in the fantasy series "The Broken Earth" by N.K. Jemisin. The series, which includes the novels "The Fifth Season," "The Obelisk Gate," and "The Stone Sky," explores themes of oppression, resilience, and the environment, among others. The Kaidā glyphs are part of the intricate world-building in Jemisin's books, reflecting the culture and complexity of the societies she has created.

The Källén function, named after the Swedish physicist Gunnar Källén, is a function used in quantum field theory and particle physics that describes the relationship between the invariant mass squared \( s \) of a system of particles and the squared momenta of the particles involved. It is particularly useful in the context of scattering processes and interaction between particles.

"Jargonness" refers to the degree to which language, terminology, or expressions are specific to a particular field, profession, or group. It describes the extent to which jargon—specialized language or technical terms used within a specific domain—can be understood by outsiders. High jargonness indicates that a text or conversation is filled with terms that may be difficult for laypeople to understand, while low jargonness suggests that the language is more accessible and general.

A skew-symmetric graph, in the context of graph theory, refers to a special type of directed graph (digraph) that exhibits certain symmetrical properties in its edges.

Cyclical monotonicity is a concept from mathematics, particularly in the field of optimal transport and convex analysis. It is used to characterize certain types of functions, specifically in the context of measures and distributions over metric spaces.

Boolean-valued refers to the notion of values and operations that are based on Boolean logic, a binary system that deals with truth values. In Boolean logic, there are only two possible values: "true" (often represented as 1) and "false" (often represented as 0). The primary operations in Boolean algebra include: - **AND** (conjunction): The result is true only when both operands are true.

The hydraulic diameter is a measure used in fluid mechanics to characterize the flow cross-section of a non-circular conduit or channel. It provides a way to calculate flow characteristics, such as velocity and pressure drop, in situations where the geometry is not a simple circular pipe.

In graph theory, the **center** of a graph is a concept that refers to a specific set of vertices that minimize the maximum distance to all other vertices in the graph. In other words, the center of a graph consists of those vertices from which the farthest distance to any other vertex in the graph is minimized.

Mathematics is a broad field of study that deals with numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns. It is both a formal science and a practical tool used in various disciplines, providing a framework for understanding and describing the world around us. Here are some key aspects of mathematics: 1. **Branches**: Mathematics can be divided into several branches, including: - **Arithmetic**: The study of numbers and basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).

Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature. It seeks to understand how the universe behaves, by examining the interactions between different physical systems and the laws that govern these interactions. Physics can be divided into several branches, including: 1. **Classical Mechanics**: The study of the motion of objects and the forces acting on them. This includes concepts such as gravity, mass, and acceleration.

Fields of mathematics refer to the various specialized areas or branches within the discipline of mathematics. Each field encompasses specific concepts, theories, methods, and applications. Here are some of the main fields of mathematics: 1. **Algebra**: The study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols. It includes various subfields such as linear algebra, abstract algebra, and algebraic geometry. 2. **Geometry**: The study of shapes, sizes, and properties of space.

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The history of mathematics is a fascinating narrative that charts the development of mathematical concepts, systems, and practices throughout human civilization. It encompasses various periods, cultures, and significant figures who contributed to mathematical thought. Here's an overview of its key milestones: ### Ancient Mathematics (circa 3000 BCE – 500 CE) 1. **Mesopotamia**: The Sumerians developed a base-60 (sexagesimal) number system, which influenced our timekeeping and angles.